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E2 Anaerobes Flashcards

1
Q

Where do anaerobes like to live?

A

Intestinal tract

Commensals!

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2
Q

What is common pathogenic factor among anaerobes?

A

Toxins!

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3
Q

What are the two classes of anaerobes?

A
  1. Obligate = die in O2

2. Aerotolerant = kinda like facultative bacteria but use fermentation

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4
Q

Why do obligate anaerobes die when exposed to O2?

A

H202 and superoxide are formed
= toxic
= lack enzymes to deal with these chemicals

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5
Q

What are signs of an anaerobic infection (4)?

A
  1. Painful tissue necrosis
  2. Gas in the wound
  3. Foul odor
  4. Black discoloration
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6
Q

What are some anaerobic environments in healthy animals?

A
  1. Oral cavity between teeth and gums

2. Intestines

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7
Q

How can anaerobic grow in wounds?

A

Facultative bacteria use up all the O2 first

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8
Q

What is Eh?

A

Measure of redox potential

Lower Eh = more anaerobic environment

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9
Q

What is a spore forming Gram POSITIVE bacteria that are anaerobic?

A

Clostridium!

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10
Q

What are the two groups of Clostridium?

A
  1. Tissue invasive w/ weak toxins

2. Non-invasive w/ severe toxins

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11
Q

Where do Clostridium live in nature?

A

Soil!

Can also be normal commensals

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12
Q

What is type A Clostridium?

A

Has only alpha toxin

Normally present in intestines of healthy animals

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13
Q

What type of toxins do Clostridia have?

A

Exotoxins

= secreted toxins

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14
Q

What is the most dangerous toxin?

A

Alpha toxin

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15
Q

What type of diseases are caused by Type A Clostridium?

A

Necrotizing myositis in horses
Gas gangrene
Yellow lamb disease = enterotoxemia

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16
Q

What toxin is in Type D clostridium?

A

Alpha & Epsilon toxins

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17
Q

What are some disease caused by Type D clostridium?

A

Enterotoxemia of sheep & goats
“Pulpy kidney disease”
“Overeating disease”
= Epsilon toxin!

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18
Q

What is Clostridium chauvoei?

A 
Black leg in ruminants
1. Wounds
2. Inhalation
3. Tooth loss 
= necrotic muscle tissue
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19
Q

What is special about Clostridium chauvoei’s pathogenesis?

A

Can remain latent until tissue is damaged!

20
Q

What is Clostridium septicum?

A

Malignant edema
Ingestion of spores
Rapid death! 1-2 hrs

21
Q

How is Clostridium septicum different from Clostridium chauvoei (Blackleg)?

A

C. septicum does NOT produce gas!

22
Q

What is Clostridium difficile?

A

Pseudomembranous enterocolitis

23
Q

What can cause Clostridium difficile infections?

A

Antibiotics

24
Q

What are the clinical signs of Clostridium difficile infection?

A

Bloody diarrhea

25
Q

How is Clostridium difficile diagnosed?

A

PCR of feces

26
Q

What are the 2 non-invasive super toxic Clostridia?

A
  1. C. botulinum

2. C. tetani

27
Q

What is Clostridium tetani?

A

Causes Tetanus or “Lockjaw”

28
Q

What species are most susceptible to Clostridium tetani? Least susceptible?

A 
Most = Horses & Humans 
Least = Cats, Chickens
29
Q

Of the 3 Clostridium tetani toxins which one is the most pathogenic? What does it do?

A

Tetanospasmin

Blocks inhibitory NTs at NMJs

30
Q

How do animals become infected with Clostridium tetani?

A

Spores enter damaged tissue

31
Q

Why is the toxin so lethal?

A

Binding is permanent

Need to wait for protein turnover

32
Q

What species experience ascending tetanus?

A

Dogs & cats

= via nerves

33
Q

What species experience descending tetanus?

A

Horses & Humans

= via blood stream

34
Q

What are clinical signs of Clostridium tetani infection?

A
  1. Stiffness
  2. Third eyelid
  3. Bloat
35
Q

What do Clostridium tetani look like microscopically?

A

Drumsticks

36
Q

What is used for the Clostridium tetani vaccine?

37
Q

What is special about Clostridium botulinum?

A

Forms the most potent toxin known

38
Q

What is common route of Clostridium botulinum poisoning?

A

Contaminated food

39
Q

What kind of paralysis is produced by Clostridium botulinum?

A

Flaccid paralysis

C. tetani = spastic paralysis

40
Q

What is Clostridium botulinum toxicity in birds called?

A

“Limberneck”

41
Q

How is Clostridium botulinum infection diagnosed?

A

Detection of toxin

42
Q

How is Clostridium botulinum toxicity treated?

A

Anti-toxin!

43
Q

What are some Gram NEGATIVE anaerobic rods?

A
  1. Bacteroides

2. Fusobacterium

44
Q

What is Dichelobacter nodosus?

A

Obligate parasite of hooves
“Contagious foot rot” in sheep
Secondary invader! after Fusobacterium
FOUL smelling

45
Q

What is the virulence factor for Dichelobacter nodosus?

A

Keratin degrading proteases

46
Q

What is Fusobacterium necrophorum?

A

Calf diphtheria
Food rot in cattle = “Scald”
Swine = “Bullnose”

47
Q

What is Prevotella melaninogenicus?

A

Causes suppurative lesions

Implicated in periodontal disease

Bacteriology (13 decks)

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