E. Vitamins and Minerals

Question 1

What is the precursor (or provitamin: nutrient changed into vitamin) of vitamin A?

Answer 1

Carotene

Question 2

What is the toxic level of vitamin A?

Answer 2

10,000 IU

Question 3

What are the sources of vitamin A?

Answer 3

Yellow, orange fruits, dark green leafy vegetables

Question 4

______ is the earliest sign of vitamin A deficiency (reversible).

Answer 4

Night blindness (nyctalopia)

Question 5

_____ indicates severe, prolonged vitamin A deficiency and is irreversible.

Answer 5

Xeropthalmia (corneal damage, bitot’s spots)

Question 6

What is the precursor of vitamin D?

Answer 6

Cholesterol

Question 7

Functions of vitamin D include:

Answer 7

Metabolism of calcium and phosphorous

Question 8

Sources of vitamin D include:

Answer 8

Sunlight, egg yolk, fortified milk

Question 9

This vitamin is one of the least toxic and functions as an antioxidant.

Answer 9

Vitamin E (tocopherol)

Question 10

Sources of vitamin E include:

Answer 10

Vegetable oils, whole grains, green vegetables, almonds

Question 11

Sources of vitamin K include:

Answer 11

Green leafy vegetables (spinach, kale, broccoli)

Question 12

Functions of vitamin K include:

Answer 12

Forms prothrombin in liver: aids in blood clotting

Question 13

Sources of vitamin B1 (thiamin) include:

Answer 13

Grains, wheat germ, pork, liver

Question 14

This vitamin is lost in cooking with increasing temperature or pH, but remains heat stable in an acidic solution

Answer 14

Vitamin B1 (thiamin)

Question 15

Deficiency in vitamin B1 (thiamin) causes:

Answer 15

Beriberi, muscle weakness, foot drop, memory loss, tachycardia

Question 16

This vitamin is lost in UV light.

Answer 16

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Question 17

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) functions in:

Answer 17

Energy release from protein

Question 18

Sources of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) include:

Answer 18

Liver, kidney, meat, milk

Question 19

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency effects:

Answer 19

Cells with rapid turnover rate (ie. mouth); cheilosis, angular stomatitis, magenta tongue

Question 20

Tryptophan is the precursor of ____.

Answer 20

Niacin

Question 21

Essential in all cells for energy metabolism. Functions in the metabolism of CHO, PTN, and FAT.

Answer 21

Niacin

Question 22

Sources of niacin include:

Answer 22

Protein (tryptophan is precursor), chicken, peanuts, ready-to-eat-cereals, rice, yeast, milk

Question 23

Niacin deficiency is characterized by:

Answer 23

Pellagra (3 D’s: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia)

Question 24

This vitamin functions as a coenzyme in DNA synthesis. It also prevents neural tube defects and works with vitamin B12 to regulate formation of RBCs.

Answer 24

Folate

Question 25

Sources of folate include:

Answer 25

Fortified dry cereal, liver, kidney, green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, beans

Question 26

Folate deficiency is characterized by:

Answer 26

Megalobastic, macrocytic anemia

Question 27

This vitamin functions as a coenzyme in amino acid metabolism. Increased protein consumption, increased ______ needs.

Answer 27

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Question 28

Sources of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) include:

Answer 28

Meat, wheat, corn, yeast, pork, liver, ready-to-eat cereals

Question 29

This vitamin is a coenzyme in protein synthesis and is also involved in RBC formation. Contains cobalt.

Answer 29

Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin).

Question 30

Sources of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) include:

Answer 30

Meat, liver, kidney, fish, eggs, milk, cheese

Question 31

Deficiency of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) is characterized by:

Answer 31

Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia or Pernicious Anemia

Question 32

A decrease in RBC occurring when the body is lacking intrinsic factor and cannot properly absorb vitamin B12.

Answer 32

Pernicious anemia

Question 33

______ is a precursor for coenzyme A, which is essential in energy production and fatty acid synthesis.

Answer 33

Pantothenic acid

Question 34

Sources of pantothenic acid include:

Answer 34

Animal foods, grains, legumes

Question 35

This vitamin is the most easily destroyed (by heat, alkaline pH, oxidation). It functions in the production of collagen, which aids in wound healing. Also aids iron absorption.

Answer 35

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Question 36

Sources of vitamin C include:

Answer 36

Citrus fruits, potatoes, papaya, dark green and yellow vegetables

Question 37

Vitamin D deficiency is characterized by:

Answer 37

Scurvy, bleeding gums, poor wound healing, petechaie (spots under the skin caused by bleeding)

Question 38

Biotin is synthesized by:

Answer 38

Intestinal bacteria

Question 39

___ converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis and is also involved in fatty acid synthesis.

Answer 39

Biotin

Question 40

Sources of biotin include:

Answer 40

Liver, kidney, egg yolk, yeast

Question 41

_____ (AKA precursor of phytate) binds calcium, zinc, and iron, inhibiting absorption. It is found in outer husks of grains and green leafy vegetables.

Answer 41

Inositol

Question 42

___ is the most abundant mineral in the body. It is regulated by PTH.

Answer 42

Calcium

Question 43

Vitamin D, _____, and ____ aid in Calcium absorption, while ______ inhibits reabsorption, lowering serum levels.

Answer 43

Vitamin D, Lactose, Acid; Calcitonin inhibits reabsorption

Question 44

Functions in blood clotting, cardiac function, nerve transmission, and smooth muscle contractility.

Answer 44

Calcium

Question 45

Sources of calcium include:

Answer 45

Dairy, leafy vegetables, legumes

Question 46

Hypocalcemia leads to tetany, which is ____.

Answer 46

Irregular muscle contraction

Question 47

____ is the second most abundant mineral. It is part of the DNA molecule.

Answer 47

Phosphorous (phosphate groups on DNA strands)

Question 48

_____ functions in the transport of fat, and integrity of bones and teeth.

Answer 48

Phosphorous

Question 49

Sources of phosphorous include:

Answer 49

(Animal proteins) Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, cheese

Question 50

Food iron: _____, Most readily absorbed by body iron: _______, Storage form of iron: _____ (best assessment of nutritional status)

Answer 50

Ferric, Ferrous, Ferritin

Question 51

Iron functions in:

Answer 51

Oxygen transport

Question 52

____ iron, or those from animal foods, are most readily absorbed, and include _______.

Answer 52

Animal foods, meat, fish, poultry

Question 53

Non-heme iron found in cereals and vegetables is less readily absorbed. _______ enhances absorption, while _____, ____, _____, and ______ inhibit absorption.

Answer 53

Vitamin C enhances absorption. Oxalates, phytates, polyphenols, calcium inhibits absorption. * If oxalates are present, calcium may AID iron absorption by binding oxalates, preventing them from binding iron.

Question 54

Magnesium functions in:

Answer 54

Protein and fatty acid synthesis.

Question 55

High intake of _____, _____, and _____ increased the need for Magnesium.

Answer 55

Protein, calcium, vitamin D

Question 56

Sources of Magnesium include:

Answer 56

Most foods, milk, bread

Question 57

Excess of this mineral leads to copper or iron deficiency.

Answer 57

Zinc

Question 58

_____ functions in cell division, cell growth, and wound healing. It also enhances the action of insulin, and is needed for sense of smell and taste.

Answer 58

Zinc

Question 59

Sources of zinc include:

Answer 59

(Animal proteins) Meat, liver, fish, eggs

Question 60

____ deficiency causes Goiter. The best source is iodized salt.

Answer 60

Iodine

Question 61

_____ is found in water (and soil). It helps build strong teeth and bones.

Answer 61

Fluoride

Question 62

_____ functions in the synthesis of hemoglobin and aids in iron absorption.

Answer 62

Copper

Question 63

Sources of copper include:

Answer 63

Liver, kidney, shellfish

Question 64

Copper deficiency (low serum copper) is associated with ______ disease.

Answer 64

Wilson's disease: Inherited disorder of copper metabolism. Absence of enzyme in liver leads to accumulation (toxic) in liver, low serum concentration.

Question 65

____ is an antioxidant that works with vitamin E.

Answer 65

Selenium

Question 66

Sources of selenium include:

Answer 66

Soil, grains, meat, fish, poultry, dairy

Question 67

Manganese functions in the central nervous system. Sources include ______.

Answer 67

Whole grains, legumes and nuts

Question 68

_____ (along with zinc) aids in insulin action and glucose metabolism.

Answer 68

Chromium

Question 69

Sources of chromium include:

Answer 69

Yeast, potatoes, oysters, liver

Question 70

____ exists with vitamin B12.

Answer 70

Cobalt

Question 71

____ is a component of amino acids cystine, cysteine, and methionine.

Answer 71

Sulfur

Question 72

Sources of sulfur include:

Answer 72

(Animal products) Meat, fish, eggs, poultry

Question 73

_____ is a component of Lecithin. It functions in the transports of lipids as acetylcholine.

Answer 73

Choline

Question 74

Sources of choline include:

Answer 74

Fat in eggs, milk, liver, soybeans

Question 75

*As energy expenditure increases, the need for _____, niacin, ______ and pantothenic acid also increases.

Answer 75

THIAMIN, NIACIN, RIBOFLAVIN, PANTOTHENIC ACID