C. Research Flashcards
________: Prediction of a relationship; Often expressed as more or less than
Hypothesis
________: No relationship; Often expressed as equal to
Null hypothesis
Specific lab, clinical, objective or subjective findings are noted in the ______ section. Results are INTERPRETED in the ______ section.
Results, Discussion
________ research:
Generates hypothesis.
Establishes associations among actors but does NOT determine causal relationships.
Descriptive research
_________ research:
Tests hypothesis.
ALLOWS causal relationships to be determined.
Analytical research
The ________ group receives the treatment, while the _____ group does not, but may receive placebo which gives the aura of treatment.
Experimental, control
________ ______: positive response due to attention received. (AKA placebo effect)
Hawthorne effect
*A Quasi-experimental design is the _____ _____ method. Measurements are taken before and after the program to see whether there has been a noteworthy change.
Time series method
Types of Descriptive Research include:
Qualitative research
Case study
Survey
Types of Analytical Research include:
Experimental model Quasi-experimental design Cohort studies Case-control studies Cross-sectional studies
Uses randomization to divide population into experimental and control groups. Program is successful if experimental group has greater improvement than the control.
Experimental model
Focuses on a specific disease, comparing those with the disease to those without. Both groups recall past behaviors. Retrospective.
Case-control studies
Cohort of healthy people followed through time to see if they develop a specific disease. Sometimes called ‘incidence studies’. Longitudinal and prospective.
Cohort studies
One time data collection. Sometimes called ‘prevalence studies’.
*A snap-shot look at one point in time; describes current, not past or future events.
Cross-sectional studies
Series of measurements at periodic intervals before, throughout, and after the program. Shows whether a noteworthy change has been achieved. (time series method)
Quasi-experimental design
Relevance or ______: the ability to measure a phenomenon it intends to measure
Validity
- ______ ______: Tests whether the difference between two groups is real
Ie. Has the experimental group really performed differently?
Internal validity
- ______ ______: Tests whether a generalization made from the study may apply to a larger population
External validity
________ of ______ (ANOVA) is a tool used to evaluate validity of a test.
Analysis of variance
______: Evaluates consistency or reproducibility of results. _______ is a measure of this.
Reliability, precision
______: Measures the proportion of actual positives which are correctly identified
______: Measures the proportion of negatives which are correctly identified as such
Sensitivity
Specificity
______ variables are outcomes. _____ variables are what is manipulated in the study. Treatments for diseases are ______ variables.
Dependent, Independent, Independent
Sampling:
__________: each segment of the population will be represented in the sample
(i.e. randomization)
__________: No way of forecasting that each element will be represented in the sample
(i.e. convenience or accidental - no attempt to control bias; quota - select units in same ratio as found in general population)
Probability
Non-probability
Measuring Data Distributions
Simple average
Mean
