E. Nutrition and Supporting Sciences ( IN 15-29) Flashcards
1
Q
Weight gain guidelines in pregnancy:
A
28-40 lbs (underweight)
25-35 lbs (normal weight)
15-25 lbs (overweight)
11-20 lbs (obese)
2
Q
Those highest at risk during pregnancy include women younger than ___ and older than ____. ______ are high risk due to increased Fe, Ca, and Zn needs. (Also at risk with failure to gain 4 lbs in second half of pregnancy and if
A
35 years; Adolescents
3
Q
_____ and ____ should be supplemented during pregnancy.
A
Ferrous sulfate and folic acid (prevents neural tube defects)
4
Q
____ is the hormone that develops the placenta.
A
Progesterone
5
Q
Linolenic acid (DHA) is needed for development of the _______.
A
Fetal nervous system
6
Q
Normal birth weight is 2500-400g or ___ - ____ lbs.
A
5.5 - 9 lbs
7
Q
Infant age group has highest needs (everything).
0-6 months KCAL: 520 (F), 570 (M) PTN: 9.1 g FLU: 125-155 mL/kg FAT: > 30 g
A
7-12 months KCAL: 676 (F), 743 (M) PTN: 11 g FLU: 1.5 mL/kcal FAT: > 30 g
8
Q
Maternal hormones involved in lactation are _____, which stimulates milk production, and ______, which moves the milk through the ducts.
A
Prolactin, Oxytocin
9
Q
Yellowish, transparent fluid secreted from the breast and meeting infants needs during first week. Has more _____ than mature milk and also contains ______.
A
Colostrum; Protein, antibodies
10
Q
*Recommend exclusive breast-feeding for first _____ months, followed by weaning foods for at least up to 12 months.
A
4-6 months
11
Q
*Breast fed infants need 2 supplements:
Formula fed infants only need ____.
A
Vitamin D and Fluoride; Fluoride (if water supply is inadequate)
12
Q
Infant formula has more protein and iron than human milk, but lacks antibodies. Infants need ____ oz/lb/day of formula.
A
2.5 oz/lb/d.
13
Q
Iron-fortified formula is recommended for all infants on formula (T/F).
A
True !
14
Q
Fetal _____ stores decrease at 3-4 months and therefore needs to be supplemented.
A
Iron
15
Q
________ / Hyperbilirubinemia: Unconjugated bilirubin elevated due to increased breakdown of RBCs or decreased intestinal motility (decreased bilirubin excretion).
A
Neonatal jaundice
16
Q
Infants: Solids can be added to the diet at 4-6 months, when the infant can ______, and the _______ reflex, pushing food out of the mouth with the tongue, is diminished.
A
Sit up, Extrusion reflex
17
Q
Unmodified cows milk in formula is inappropriate (hard to digest, less essential fatty acids, increased renal solute load) up to ______ of age. Low and non fat milks are inappropriate during first ___ years.
A
1 year, 2 years
18
Q
_____ needs increase for girls at age 11, from previously being similar to the needs of boys.
A
Iron
19
Q
Identifies over/under nutrition
Detects short-term changes in nutritional status
Used to distinguish between stunting and wasting
A
Weight for length
20
Q
Reflects long-term nutritional status
Detects stunting of growth
A
Length for age
21
Q
Short-term marker of growth
NOT used to classify under/overweight
DOES NOT distinguish between stunting and wasting (because it does not include height)
A
Weight for age
22
Q
BMI Percentiles (starting at 2 years): Underweight: \_\_\_%
A
Underweight: 95%
23
Q
One of the major reasons for discrepancies in growth patterns is ____.
A
Human error in measurement
24
Q
Failure to thrive may result from acute or chronic illness, restricted diet. *A secondary cause of FTT is:
A
*Lack of fiber leading to chronic constipation and diminished intake.
25
RDA Protein:
(M) ____ g/d
(F) ____ g/d
(M) 56 g/d
| (F) 46 g/d
26
Secretion of gastric HCL and gastric motility in the elderly population cause increased incidence of _______, as well as decreased absorption of ____ and _____. Vitamins B6 and B12 may also need to be supplemented due to _____, or chronic gastric inflammation.
Constipation. Calcium, Iron, Atrophic gastritis
27
Tell athletes to drink water. To restore hydration AFTER exercise, athletes should drink __-__% of the fluid lost in exercise, that also contains ______ and ______.
100-150%. Carbohydrate (6-7.6%) and sodium (57.5-1,150 mg/dL)
28
Carbohydrate loading allows for storage of 2-3x the normal amount of _________ .
Muscle glycogen
29
At rest and in normal activity, ____ is the primary energy source. During prolonged exercise, the body relies on _______ (to provide pyruvate for TCA cycle).
Fat, Carbohydrate
30
During and After continuous endurance physical activity, consume _____, _____, and _____.
Fluid, carbohydrate, and sodium
31
Herbs and supplements are regulated by the _____.
DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994).
32
For herbs and supplements, the physiological effect can be noted, but claims about _____ or ____ of specific ______ can___.
For herbs and supplements, the physiological effect can be noted, but claims about prevention or cure of specific diseases cannot.
33
These botanicals have potential for interaction with ANTICOAGULANTS: ______, ______, ______, ______, and _____.
Black cohosh, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, and ginseng.
34
St. John's Wort functions as an _______, but may compromise medications for _____ disease, ______, _____, and ______.
Antidepressant, heart disease, cancer, seizures, birth control
35
Botanicals: Avoid _____ with liver disease.
Valerian root
36
The liver produces ____, stores _____, and synthesizes _____.
The liver produces bile, stores glycogen, and synthesizes glucose.
37
3 types of digestion:
1. Chemical (enzymatic activity)
2. Mechanical (muscular activity)
3. Bacterial (colon)
38
Digestive hormone that stimulates gastric secretions (HCl) and motility
Gastrin
39
Digestive hormone that stimulates the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes
CCK (cholecystokinin)
40
Digestive hormone that stimulates the flow of pancreatic juice (bicarbonate) and water
Secretin
41
Digestive hormone that stimulates insulin
GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1)
42
Very little CHEMICAL digestion occurs in the stomach, except for initiation of ______.
Proteolysis. *The digestion of protein begins in the stomach.
43
Mastication of food forms a _____, followed by mixture with gastric juices forming _____, which is acidic.
Bolus, chyme
44
Gastric emptying of a meal usually takes ___-___ hours.
2-6 hours
45
Chyme (acidic from gastric HCl) enters the ______ and mixes with pancreatic secretions and bile. The dilution from secreted fluids, especially _____, from the pancreas, helps NEUTRALIZE acidic chyme, allowing enzymes in SI to operate at more neutral pH.
Duodenum, BICARBONATE*
46
Most digestion is completed by the middle of the _____.
Jejunum
47
The large intestine absorbs: _____, salts, _____ and _____ synthesized by _____ (vitamin K, vitamin B12, thiamin, riboflavin).
Water, salts, and vitamins synthesized by bacteria
48
Digestion: Bacteria are involved ____ _____, or anaerobic fermentation and absorption of CHO, fiber and AA breakdown.
Colonic salvage
49
_____ convert _____ or malabsorbed CHO into SCFA (acetate, butyrate, proprionate, lactate), which:
1. stimulate colonic water and sodium absorption
2. provides substrates for energy production
Bacteria, fibers
50
Inefficient absorption of water and sodium by the colon leads to ____.
Diarrhea
51
Lactase is produced by cells of the ______.
Small intestine
52
Enzymes for CHO digestion are available in this order:
1. _______ (30 weeks gestation)
2. _______ (at birth)
3. _______ (6 months post-birth)
1. Maltase, sucrase
2. Lactase
3. Pancreatic amylase (feeding an infant cereal too early in life may cause diarrhea)
53
Sources of glucose include: _____, _____, products of intermediate metabolism (reconversion of lactate and pyruvate --> AKA gluconeogenesis)
Diet (glycolysis), liver glycogen (glycogenolysis), gluconeogenesis
54
58% of protein is ______, or yields glucose following deamination (can be converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis).
Glucogenic
55
_____ is the most glucogenic amino acid.
Alanine
56
Hormone secreted by the BETA cells of the pancreas. Increases cell permeability to glucose and inhibits glycogenolysis (stimulates glycoGENESIS and lipogenesis; glucose-->glycogen & adiposed). ________ serum glucose.
Insulin, decreases
57
Hormone secreted by the ALPHA cells of the pancreas. Stimulates glycogenolysis (glycogen-->glucose). ________ serum glucose.
Glucagon, increases
58
Hormone that converts protein --> glucose. _______ serum glucose. (*Catabolism of protein requires pyridoxine (vitamin B6).
Glucocorticoid, increases
59
Hormone that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and (liver and muscle) glycogenolysis (glycogen-->glucose). In catabolic stress, this hormone suppresses insulin secretion, _____ serum glucose.
Epinephrine, increasing
60
This hormone is an insulin antagonist thereby ______ serum glucose.
Growth hormone, increasing
61
____, ____, and ____ are the end products of metabolism.
ATP, CO2, and water.
62
The purpose of ______ is to produce pyruvate for the TCA cycle.
Glycolysis
63
In aerobic glycolysis, the end product is ______.
Pyruvate
64
In anaerobic glycolysis, the end product is _____.
Lactate
65
Glucose combines with phosphorous in the presence of ______ to form glucose-6-phosphate.
Magnesium
66
The enzyme _________, functions in the conversion of stored glycogen to glucose. It is only present in ______ cells, NOT ______ cells. Therefore, glycogen stored in the _____ can form glucose to be transported to the tissues, while glycogen stored in the _____ can only be used by the _____.
Glucose-6-phosphatase. Liver, NOT muscle. Liver, muscle
67
Glucose-6-phosphate also proceeds through the _______. End products include ______ (essential for FA synthesis) and 5 C sugars or, ______ (part of RNA).
Pentose shunt. NADPH, ribose
68
The Cori Cycle converts _____ to ______ in oxygen debt.
Lactate to Pyruvate
69
_____ (TDP), _____ (FAD), ____ (NAD), _______ (CoA), magnesium and lipoic acid are required for the conversion of pyruvate-->Acetyl CoA.
```
Thiamin (TDP)
Riboflavin (FAD)
Niacin (NAD)
Pantothenic acid (CoA)
Magnesium
Lipoic acid
```
70
Full oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose yields __ ATP.
38
71
_____ reacts with acetyl CoA to form ____, which starts the TCA cycle.
Oxaloacete reacts with acetyl CoA to form Citric Acid
72
*The branched chain amino acids are ______, ______, and __________.
Valine, leucine, and isoleucine
73
Exercise releases _____ from muscle protein. It is transported to the liver and converted to glucose for energy.
Alanine
74
_________ (vitamin B6) is actively involved in the transport of amino acids into the bloodstream. Increased protein intake, increased ______ needs.
Pyridoxine
75
______ can be synthesized from phenylalanine, and ______ can be synthesized from methionine.
Tyrosine can be synthesized from phenylalanine, and cysteine can be synthesized from methionine.
76
_______ _______ compares nitrogen intake to output. A healthy individual will be in 0 or + balance.
Nitrogen balance
0 balance - maintenance, equilibrium
+ balance - gain in body protein (growth, healing)
- balance - erosion of body protein, inadequate intake
77
Method to determine quality of protein foods that determines the fraction of absorbed Nitrogen retained for growth and maintenance. Eggs = 100 (100% of N absorbed is retained).
Biological value (BV)
78
Method to determine quality of protein foods that measures the amount of protein actually used.
Nitrogen Retained (in-out) / Nitrogen Intake
Net protein utilization (NPU)
79
Method to determine quality of protein foods that represents amino acid score after correcting for digestibility. Proteins that provide AA equal to or in excess of requirements = 1. (i.e. casein = 1, vegetables = .73)
Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)
80
______ is involved in protein catabolism.
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)
81
The first step in protein catabolism is the removal of the ______ group (deamination). This forms _____ (toxic), which is then converted to urea and excreted, purines, or ________ to form a new amino acid.
Amine, ammonia, transaminated
82
A ________ remains after the deamination of protein, which is then burned for energy.
Ketoacid
83
A ketoacid can be either ________, behaving like a CHO, or ______, behaving like a fat.
Glucogenic or ketogenic
84
Glucogenic ketoacids can either enter glycolysis at _____ or TCA at ______ or _____.
Pyruvate, oxaloacetate or ketoglutarate
85
Ketogenic ketoacids can enter TCA at _______.
Acetyl CoA
86
________ are catabolic hormones. They stimulate gluconeogenesis, forming glucose from protein.
Glucocorticoids
87
The end products of fat metabolism include: ________, ______, _____, and ______.
Monoglycerides, Diglycerides, Glycerol, and Fatty acids
88
______ and _____ are water-soluble, and are absorbed directly into the portal blood, while _____, _____, and _____ require a "wetting agent" to aid in absorption.
Glycerol and SCFA. Monoglycerides, Diglycerides, and LCFA.
89
________ act as wetting agents, combining with insoluble fats to form ________.
Bile salts, Micelles
90
______ transport fat into enterocytes (intestinal absorptive cells). Once inside the cell, fat is re-synthesized to triacylglycerol (TAG) and packaged into ______ for transport to the lymph.
Micelles, Chylomicrons
91
Dietary fat can enter the blood as a _______.
Chylomicron
92
______ is important in cell structure. Some is absorbed with bile salts, but most is converted into ______ and lipoproteins (ie. LDL, HDL). It is excreted by the liver as _____.
Cholesterol, cholesterol esters, bile
93
________ primarily takes place in adipose tissue, but us also synthesized in the liver.
Lipogenesis
94
_________ (choline) prevent the accumulation of fat in the liver. They produce lipoproteins, which transfer FA out.
Lipotropic factors
95
_______, or fat oxidation, forms ______, which enters the TCA cycle.
Lipolysis, Acetyl CoA
96
Normal fat metabolism requires adequate _______ for complete fat oxidation, yielding small amounts of ______. Inadequate ______ results in incomplete fat oxidation and buildup of _______ that the body is unable to oxidize, leading to ______.
Carbohydrate, ketones.
Carbohydrate, ketones
Ketosis
97
Most nutrients are absorbed through _________.
Active transport
98
Mechanism of absorption: Lower to higher concentration. Against an energy gradient. Requires energy. Sodium plays an active role.
Active transport (sodium pump)
99
Mechanism of absorption: Higher to lower concentration. Carrier not involved. No energy required.
Simple diffusion.
100
Mechanism of absorption: Higher to lower concentration. Carrier-facilitated. No energy required.
Passive diffusion (carrier-facilitated)
101
Vitamin D requires the ______ of _____ for absorption.
Acidity of chyme
102
Vitamin B12 absorption takes place in the ______. It requires exposure to ______ _______ (HCl, intrinsic factor).
Ileum, gastric secretions
103
Most minerals are absorbed in an _____ medium.
Acid
104
Intake of food is regulated by _________ in the ______ gland, which acts as a satiety and feeding center.
Glucoreceptors, Hypothalamus gland
