Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Domain 1: Principles of Dietetics > E. Nutrition and Supporting Sciences ( IN 15-29) > Flashcards

E. Nutrition and Supporting Sciences ( IN 15-29) Flashcards

1
Q

Weight gain guidelines in pregnancy:

A

28-40 lbs (underweight)
25-35 lbs (normal weight)
15-25 lbs (overweight)
11-20 lbs (obese)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Those highest at risk during pregnancy include women younger than ___ and older than ____. ______ are high risk due to increased Fe, Ca, and Zn needs. (Also at risk with failure to gain 4 lbs in second half of pregnancy and if

A

35 years; Adolescents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_____ and ____ should be supplemented during pregnancy.

A

Ferrous sulfate and folic acid (prevents neural tube defects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

____ is the hormone that develops the placenta.

A

Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Linolenic acid (DHA) is needed for development of the _______.

A

Fetal nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Normal birth weight is 2500-400g or ___ - ____ lbs.

A

5.5 - 9 lbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Infant age group has highest needs (everything).

0-6 months
KCAL: 520 (F), 570 (M)
PTN: 9.1 g
FLU: 125-155 mL/kg
FAT: > 30 g
A 
7-12 months
KCAL: 676 (F), 743 (M)
PTN: 11 g
FLU: 1.5 mL/kcal
FAT: > 30 g
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Maternal hormones involved in lactation are _____, which stimulates milk production, and ______, which moves the milk through the ducts.

A

Prolactin, Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Yellowish, transparent fluid secreted from the breast and meeting infants needs during first week. Has more _____ than mature milk and also contains ______.

A

Colostrum; Protein, antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

*Recommend exclusive breast-feeding for first _____ months, followed by weaning foods for at least up to 12 months.

A

4-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

*Breast fed infants need 2 supplements:

Formula fed infants only need ____.

A

Vitamin D and Fluoride; Fluoride (if water supply is inadequate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Infant formula has more protein and iron than human milk, but lacks antibodies. Infants need ____ oz/lb/day of formula.

A

2.5 oz/lb/d.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Iron-fortified formula is recommended for all infants on formula (T/F).

A

True !

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Fetal _____ stores decrease at 3-4 months and therefore needs to be supplemented.

A

Iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

________ / Hyperbilirubinemia: Unconjugated bilirubin elevated due to increased breakdown of RBCs or decreased intestinal motility (decreased bilirubin excretion).

A

Neonatal jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Infants: Solids can be added to the diet at 4-6 months, when the infant can ______, and the _______ reflex, pushing food out of the mouth with the tongue, is diminished.

A

Sit up, Extrusion reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Unmodified cows milk in formula is inappropriate (hard to digest, less essential fatty acids, increased renal solute load) up to ______ of age. Low and non fat milks are inappropriate during first ___ years.

A

1 year, 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_____ needs increase for girls at age 11, from previously being similar to the needs of boys.

A

Iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Identifies over/under nutrition
Detects short-term changes in nutritional status
Used to distinguish between stunting and wasting

A

Weight for length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reflects long-term nutritional status

Detects stunting of growth

A

Length for age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Short-term marker of growth
NOT used to classify under/overweight
DOES NOT distinguish between stunting and wasting (because it does not include height)

A

Weight for age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q 
BMI Percentiles (starting at 2 years):
Underweight: \_\_\_%
A

Underweight: 95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

One of the major reasons for discrepancies in growth patterns is ____.

A

Human error in measurement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Failure to thrive may result from acute or chronic illness, restricted diet. *A secondary cause of FTT is:

A

*Lack of fiber leading to chronic constipation and diminished intake.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

RDA Protein:
(M) ____ g/d
(F) ____ g/d

A

(M) 56 g/d

(F) 46 g/d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Secretion of gastric HCL and gastric motility in the elderly population cause increased incidence of _______, as well as decreased absorption of ____ and _____. Vitamins B6 and B12 may also need to be supplemented due to _____, or chronic gastric inflammation.

A

Constipation. Calcium, Iron, Atrophic gastritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Tell athletes to drink water. To restore hydration AFTER exercise, athletes should drink __-__% of the fluid lost in exercise, that also contains ______ and ______.

A

100-150%. Carbohydrate (6-7.6%) and sodium (57.5-1,150 mg/dL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Carbohydrate loading allows for storage of 2-3x the normal amount of _________ .

A

Muscle glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

At rest and in normal activity, ____ is the primary energy source. During prolonged exercise, the body relies on _______ (to provide pyruvate for TCA cycle).

A

Fat, Carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

During and After continuous endurance physical activity, consume _____, _____, and _____.

A

Fluid, carbohydrate, and sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Herbs and supplements are regulated by the _____.

A

DSHEA (Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

For herbs and supplements, the physiological effect can be noted, but claims about _____ or ____ of specific ______ can___.

A

For herbs and supplements, the physiological effect can be noted, but claims about prevention or cure of specific diseases cannot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

These botanicals have potential for interaction with ANTICOAGULANTS: ______, ______, ______, ______, and _____.

A

Black cohosh, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, and ginseng.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

St. John’s Wort functions as an _______, but may compromise medications for _____ disease, ______, _____, and ______.

A

Antidepressant, heart disease, cancer, seizures, birth control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Botanicals: Avoid _____ with liver disease.

A

Valerian root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The liver produces ____, stores _____, and synthesizes _____.

A

The liver produces bile, stores glycogen, and synthesizes glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

3 types of digestion:

A
  1. Chemical (enzymatic activity)
  2. Mechanical (muscular activity)
  3. Bacterial (colon)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Digestive hormone that stimulates gastric secretions (HCl) and motility

A

Gastrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Digestive hormone that stimulates the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Digestive hormone that stimulates the flow of pancreatic juice (bicarbonate) and water

A

Secretin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Digestive hormone that stimulates insulin

A

GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Very little CHEMICAL digestion occurs in the stomach, except for initiation of ______.

A

Proteolysis. *The digestion of protein begins in the stomach.

43
Q

Mastication of food forms a _____, followed by mixture with gastric juices forming _____, which is acidic.

A

Bolus, chyme

44
Q

Gastric emptying of a meal usually takes ___-___ hours.

A

2-6 hours

45
Q

Chyme (acidic from gastric HCl) enters the ______ and mixes with pancreatic secretions and bile. The dilution from secreted fluids, especially _____, from the pancreas, helps NEUTRALIZE acidic chyme, allowing enzymes in SI to operate at more neutral pH.

A

Duodenum, BICARBONATE*

46
Q

Most digestion is completed by the middle of the _____.

A

Jejunum

47
Q

The large intestine absorbs: _____, salts, _____ and _____ synthesized by _____ (vitamin K, vitamin B12, thiamin, riboflavin).

A

Water, salts, and vitamins synthesized by bacteria

48
Q

Digestion: Bacteria are involved ____ _____, or anaerobic fermentation and absorption of CHO, fiber and AA breakdown.

A

Colonic salvage

49
Q

_____ convert _____ or malabsorbed CHO into SCFA (acetate, butyrate, proprionate, lactate), which:

  1. stimulate colonic water and sodium absorption
  2. provides substrates for energy production
A

Bacteria, fibers

50
Q

Inefficient absorption of water and sodium by the colon leads to ____.

A

Diarrhea

51
Q

Lactase is produced by cells of the ______.

A

Small intestine

52
Q

Enzymes for CHO digestion are available in this order:

  1. _______ (30 weeks gestation)
  2. _______ (at birth)
  3. _______ (6 months post-birth)
A
  1. Maltase, sucrase
  2. Lactase
  3. Pancreatic amylase (feeding an infant cereal too early in life may cause diarrhea)
53
Q

Sources of glucose include: _____, _____, products of intermediate metabolism (reconversion of lactate and pyruvate –> AKA gluconeogenesis)

A

Diet (glycolysis), liver glycogen (glycogenolysis), gluconeogenesis

54
Q

58% of protein is ______, or yields glucose following deamination (can be converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis).

A

Glucogenic

55
Q

_____ is the most glucogenic amino acid.

A

Alanine

56
Q

Hormone secreted by the BETA cells of the pancreas. Increases cell permeability to glucose and inhibits glycogenolysis (stimulates glycoGENESIS and lipogenesis; glucose–>glycogen & adiposed). ________ serum glucose.

A

Insulin, decreases

57
Q

Hormone secreted by the ALPHA cells of the pancreas. Stimulates glycogenolysis (glycogen–>glucose). ________ serum glucose.

A

Glucagon, increases

58
Q

Hormone that converts protein –> glucose. _______ serum glucose. (*Catabolism of protein requires pyridoxine (vitamin B6).

A

Glucocorticoid, increases

59
Q

Hormone that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and (liver and muscle) glycogenolysis (glycogen–>glucose). In catabolic stress, this hormone suppresses insulin secretion, _____ serum glucose.

A

Epinephrine, increasing

60
Q

This hormone is an insulin antagonist thereby ______ serum glucose.

A

Growth hormone, increasing

61
Q

____, ____, and ____ are the end products of metabolism.

A

ATP, CO2, and water.

62
Q

The purpose of ______ is to produce pyruvate for the TCA cycle.

A

Glycolysis

63
Q

In aerobic glycolysis, the end product is ______.

A

Pyruvate

64
Q

In anaerobic glycolysis, the end product is _____.

A

Lactate

65
Q

Glucose combines with phosphorous in the presence of ______ to form glucose-6-phosphate.

A

Magnesium

66
Q

The enzyme _________, functions in the conversion of stored glycogen to glucose. It is only present in ______ cells, NOT ______ cells. Therefore, glycogen stored in the _____ can form glucose to be transported to the tissues, while glycogen stored in the _____ can only be used by the _____.

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase. Liver, NOT muscle. Liver, muscle

67
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate also proceeds through the _______. End products include ______ (essential for FA synthesis) and 5 C sugars or, ______ (part of RNA).

A

Pentose shunt. NADPH, ribose

68
Q

The Cori Cycle converts _____ to ______ in oxygen debt.

A

Lactate to Pyruvate

69
Q

_____ (TDP), _____ (FAD), ____ (NAD), _______ (CoA), magnesium and lipoic acid are required for the conversion of pyruvate–>Acetyl CoA.

A 
Thiamin (TDP)
Riboflavin (FAD)
Niacin (NAD)
Pantothenic acid (CoA)
Magnesium
Lipoic acid
70
Q

Full oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose yields __ ATP.

A

38

71
Q

_____ reacts with acetyl CoA to form ____, which starts the TCA cycle.

A

Oxaloacete reacts with acetyl CoA to form Citric Acid

72
Q

*The branched chain amino acids are ______, ______, and __________.

A

Valine, leucine, and isoleucine

73
Q

Exercise releases _____ from muscle protein. It is transported to the liver and converted to glucose for energy.

A

Alanine

74
Q

_________ (vitamin B6) is actively involved in the transport of amino acids into the bloodstream. Increased protein intake, increased ______ needs.

A

Pyridoxine

75
Q

______ can be synthesized from phenylalanine, and ______ can be synthesized from methionine.

A

Tyrosine can be synthesized from phenylalanine, and cysteine can be synthesized from methionine.

76
Q

_______ _______ compares nitrogen intake to output. A healthy individual will be in 0 or + balance.

A

Nitrogen balance

0 balance - maintenance, equilibrium
+ balance - gain in body protein (growth, healing)
- balance - erosion of body protein, inadequate intake

77
Q

Method to determine quality of protein foods that determines the fraction of absorbed Nitrogen retained for growth and maintenance. Eggs = 100 (100% of N absorbed is retained).

A

Biological value (BV)

78
Q

Method to determine quality of protein foods that measures the amount of protein actually used.

Nitrogen Retained (in-out) / Nitrogen Intake

A

Net protein utilization (NPU)

79
Q

Method to determine quality of protein foods that represents amino acid score after correcting for digestibility. Proteins that provide AA equal to or in excess of requirements = 1. (i.e. casein = 1, vegetables = .73)

A

Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)

80
Q

______ is involved in protein catabolism.

A

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)

81
Q

The first step in protein catabolism is the removal of the ______ group (deamination). This forms _____ (toxic), which is then converted to urea and excreted, purines, or ________ to form a new amino acid.

A

Amine, ammonia, transaminated

82
Q

A ________ remains after the deamination of protein, which is then burned for energy.

A

Ketoacid

83
Q

A ketoacid can be either ________, behaving like a CHO, or ______, behaving like a fat.

A

Glucogenic or ketogenic

84
Q

Glucogenic ketoacids can either enter glycolysis at _____ or TCA at ______ or _____.

A

Pyruvate, oxaloacetate or ketoglutarate

85
Q

Ketogenic ketoacids can enter TCA at _______.

A

Acetyl CoA

86
Q

________ are catabolic hormones. They stimulate gluconeogenesis, forming glucose from protein.

A

Glucocorticoids

87
Q

The end products of fat metabolism include: ________, ______, _____, and ______.

A

Monoglycerides, Diglycerides, Glycerol, and Fatty acids

88
Q

______ and _____ are water-soluble, and are absorbed directly into the portal blood, while _____, _____, and _____ require a “wetting agent” to aid in absorption.

A

Glycerol and SCFA. Monoglycerides, Diglycerides, and LCFA.

89
Q

________ act as wetting agents, combining with insoluble fats to form ________.

A

Bile salts, Micelles

90
Q

______ transport fat into enterocytes (intestinal absorptive cells). Once inside the cell, fat is re-synthesized to triacylglycerol (TAG) and packaged into ______ for transport to the lymph.

A

Micelles, Chylomicrons

91
Q

Dietary fat can enter the blood as a _______.

A

Chylomicron

92
Q

______ is important in cell structure. Some is absorbed with bile salts, but most is converted into ______ and lipoproteins (ie. LDL, HDL). It is excreted by the liver as _____.

A

Cholesterol, cholesterol esters, bile

93
Q

________ primarily takes place in adipose tissue, but us also synthesized in the liver.

A

Lipogenesis

94
Q

_________ (choline) prevent the accumulation of fat in the liver. They produce lipoproteins, which transfer FA out.

A

Lipotropic factors

95
Q

_______, or fat oxidation, forms ______, which enters the TCA cycle.

A

Lipolysis, Acetyl CoA

96
Q

Normal fat metabolism requires adequate _______ for complete fat oxidation, yielding small amounts of ______. Inadequate ______ results in incomplete fat oxidation and buildup of _______ that the body is unable to oxidize, leading to ______.

A

Carbohydrate, ketones.
Carbohydrate, ketones
Ketosis

97
Q

Most nutrients are absorbed through _________.

A

Active transport

98
Q

Mechanism of absorption: Lower to higher concentration. Against an energy gradient. Requires energy. Sodium plays an active role.

A

Active transport (sodium pump)

99
Q

Mechanism of absorption: Higher to lower concentration. Carrier not involved. No energy required.

A

Simple diffusion.

100
Q

Mechanism of absorption: Higher to lower concentration. Carrier-facilitated. No energy required.

A

Passive diffusion (carrier-facilitated)

101
Q

Vitamin D requires the ______ of _____ for absorption.

A

Acidity of chyme

102
Q

Vitamin B12 absorption takes place in the ______. It requires exposure to ______ _______ (HCl, intrinsic factor).

A

Ileum, gastric secretions

103
Q

Most minerals are absorbed in an _____ medium.

A

Acid

104
Q

Intake of food is regulated by _________ in the ______ gland, which acts as a satiety and feeding center.

A

Glucoreceptors, Hypothalamus gland

Domain 1: Principles of Dietetics (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions