E production/utilization Flashcards
anaerobic fate of pyruvate?
no TCA to burn up NADH. so recycle to NAD+
electrons are waste product
aerobic fate of pyruvate?
electron are source Energy
what do you mean by energy?
high energy bonds of nucleotide triphosphates
ATP–> AMP + PP
pp IS HIGH NRG bond
many of the intermediates can be synthesized by other enzymes and fed into the TCA cycle to refill** it? what is it called?
anapleurotic reaction of TCA cycle
anapleurotic reaction: Acetyl Coa –>?
fatty acid
anapleurotic reaction: alpha ketoglutarate –>
glutamate
anapleurotic reaction: succinyl coa–?
gama aminolevulinate
anapleurotic reaction: fumarate/OAA –>
aspartate
arsenic positions are inhibition of what?
DH
pyruvate DH, succinate DH, as well as other DH
both aerobic + anaerobic are impacted
potential energy from TCA?
GTP, NADH, FADH2
what will be fed into electron transport chain?
NADH and FADH2
NAD?
Nicotine adenine dinucleotide
FAD
flavin adenine dinucleotide
thiol group that is used to carry acetate (in TCA) and can carry many other longer chains of carbon
coenzyme A
Where TCA occur?
mitochondrial matrix
except succinate DH ( inner membrane) –> complex2
where ETC?
inner membrane
what are found in intermembrane space?
cytochrome c, water-soluble protein
Oxidative phosphorylation occur where?
matrix
relative ability to give or accept electrons
reduction potential
more negave, means it will ___electrons
give up
more positive, means it will ____ electron
accept
acutal reduction potential is number measured?
relative to normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)
Mid point potential is voltage at?
redox active group is 50% oxidized and 50% reduced
more negative midpoint potential can give ___ to anything with more ____
electron to more positive potential
even if they are both positive(or negative), it’s a relative scale
how many complexes in ETC?
- ( 1, 2, 3, 4)
complex 1 oxidizes ___ and reduces ___
NADH and Coenzyme Q
four H transported out per ___e-
2e-
NADH ->___->FeS->UQ->FES->Q
FMN
complex2 oxidizes ____ and reduce ____
succinate and coenzym Q
Complex 2 is aka ___
succinate DH ( from TCA)
how many subunit is in complex 2?
4 including 2FE-S proteins
3 types Fe-S cluster (4Fe-4S, 3Fe-4S, 2Fe-2S)
succinate +UQ –> _____ +UQH2
Fumarate
which complex proton transport does not occur?
2
complex 3, cytochrome c _____
oxidoreductase
problem with complex 3
two electrons are coming in from UQH2, but only one can go into cyt c
solution with complex3
two step cycle, second electron goes into a stable semiquinone (stable free radical) via cyt b. second, make another cyt c, and completely reduce semiquinone to UQH2 again
complex 4, transfer __ electron from cyt c to ___ to make H20
4 electron to Oxygen
WHY is it called oxidative phosphorylation?
delivering e- to O2 is driving force
case where enzymes are NOT clean – they are leaky and make accidental toxic side products, particularly superoxide
ROS
Cyanide, azide and CO inhibit WHICH COMPLEX?
Complex IV, binding tightly to the ferric form (Fe3+) of a3
Oligomycin and DCCD are what inhibitors?
ATP synthase inhibitors
DNP ?
chemical uncoupler; lipid soluble; Diet drug ; caused some deaths
Aspirin (High conc) ?
also uncouples and inc glycolysis to compensate leads to lactic acidosis
‘uncoupler’ protein called _______, or ‘uncoupler protein-1’
THERMOGENIN in brown adipose tissue
ATP movement out is favored because the cytosol is ___ relative to the ____matrix
+ cytosol
- matrix
ATP must be transported out of the mitochondria
making and exporting 1 ATP =
4H+
every ATP transported out costs one H+
One ATP synthesis costs about 3 H+
How Are the Electrons of Cytosolic NADH Fed into Electron Transport? (NADH can’t cross inner membrane)
“Shuttle systems” effect electron movement without actually carrying NADH
Malate-aspartate shuttle uses malate to carry electrons across the membrane
____ATP per glucose if glycerol-3-P shuttle used
30
____ATP per glucose if malate-Asp shuttle used
32
what transfer e- from some substrate to O2 to make water or H2O2
Oxidases
what incorporate O atoms into a substrate(monooxygenases/hydroxylases) or dioxygenases incorporate both O2 atoms into a substrates (eicosanoids)
Oxygenases
Hypoxia –>
ischemia
–>Reperfusion injury:
