Dural Sinuses Meninges Wright Flashcards
What is immediately deep to the arachnoid?
Subarachnoid space
Describe the cranial dural septa.
Falx Cerebri: separates cerebrum
Falx Cerebelli: separates the cerebellar lobes
Tentorium cerebelli: separates cerebellum from cerebrum
What structures are associated with the cavernous sinus?
Oculomotor trochlear abducent trigeminal ICA opthalmic maxillary mandibular
Which nerve in the cavernous sinus is not embedded in the wall?
Abducens
Functions of CSF
Buoyancy protection environmental stability
Where is CSF formed
choroid plexus in each ventricle produced from ependymal cells
Concentrations of CSF
similar to plasma but has greater amounts of Na H and Ca but LESS potassium
What vein drains the scalp
Emissary vein
What typically causes hydrocephalus? What is treatment?
Obstruction is CSF flow that will restrict reabsorption in the venous bloodstream. It is treated with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt that drains to the abdominal cavity OR more likely a ventriculostomy that makes a hole in floor of third ventricle to drain into subarachnoid space
What two veins form the external jugular?
Posterior branch of the retromandibular and posterior auricular vein
Where does the facial vein drain?
Into the anterior branch of the retromandibular which will go to the posterior branch into the EJV
Describe the facial veins path to the cavernous sinus?
Facial vein splits into superior and inferior opthalmic veins to drain the eye into the cavernous sinus
Where is the carotid sinus located located and what are its functions?
superior to the bifurcation on internal carotid. Baroreceptors innvervated by glossopharyngeal
Branches of the ECA?
Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary Superficial temporal
What artery runs with the superior laryngeal nerve?
Superior laryngeal artery
What does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve loop around compared to the right?
Left is the aortic arch and right is the subclavian
What nerve crosses the lingual artery?
Hypoglossal
Describe the course of the facial artery?
Begins in the carotid triangle and runs deep to the digastric and stylohyoid but superficial to the hypoglossal. It enters the groove on posterior submandibular gland and curves over body of mandible running on angle of masseter and then obliquely past the nose.
The occipital artery runs with what nerve?
Greater occipital nerve
What are the mandibular branches of the Maxillary artery?
Deep auricular (EAM) Anterior Tympanic Inferior Alveolar (Mandibular foramen) Middle Meningeal (Foramen spinosum) Accessory Meningeal (Foramen ovale)
What is an epidural hematoma?
Bleeding into the space between the calvaria and the dura mater due to a ruptured middle meningeal artery
What are the branches of the pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery?
Posterior superior alveolar Infraorbital Artery of pterygoid canal pharyngeal branch descending palatine Sphenopalatine
What is the terminal branch of the maxillary?
Sphenopalatine
How does the superficial temporal terminate?
Dividing into frontal and parietal branches
What are the superficial temporal branches?
Transverse facial
Middle temporal
Anterior auricular
Frontal and Parietal ( Terminal )
How does the ICA enter the head?
Through the petrous part of the temporal bone through the carotid canal
Branches of ICA?
Opthalmic
Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Verterbrobasilar insufficiency signs, risk factors and causes?
Decreased posterior circulation due to occlusion of vertebral due to atherosclerosis or head rotation/extension.
Symptoms: syncope, vertigo, dizzy, slurred speech, nausea/vomit, numbness in extremities
Smoking, HTN, DMm obesity, >50 yo, Fhx
Subclavian steel syndrome?
Proximal stenosis or occlusion of subclavian, blockage can cause reversal of flow through vert artery decreasing the flow to the brain. Symptoms include presyncope or syncope, different BP’s in upper arm, neurologic defecits or memory problems.
Caused by atherosclerosis or cervical rib
