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Russia > Dual Authority > Flashcards

Dual Authority Flashcards

1
Q

Why is it misleading to call the months after the February Revolution a period of dual authority?

A

Because there were many independent soviets leading various parts of Russia at this moment in time

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2
Q

Who was the provisional committee initially made up of?

A

Middle and upper-class liberals chaired by Prince Lvov

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3
Q

What two proclamations did the provisional committee make on the 28th February?

A

1) They appealed for order in the city

2) They explained that they now had a responsibility to lead. This included the military and a food commission

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4
Q

What were the 8 main works/principles of the provisional government?

A

1) Amnesty for political prisoners
2) Freedom of speech and the right to strike
3) Abolish religious national privileges
4) Set up a constituent assembly
5) Create a local militia with elected officers
6) Hold elections for councils and zemstvo
7) Assure that military units who joined the revolution wouldn’t get sent to the front
8) Maintain military discipline

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5
Q

List the key problems facing the provisional government at the start of March

A
  • Order Number One undermined their authority over the Petrograd garrison
  • They lacked mass popular support and legitimacy
  • They relied on cooperation from the PS
  • They didn’t control telegraph stations, railways, power supplies and many factories
  • There were divides within the PG itself e.g. Kerensky was an SR whereas Lvov was more conservatively liberal
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6
Q

What part of the Petrograd Soviet was formed on the 27th February?

A

The executive committee

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7
Q

What was the first action of the Executive Committee?

A

They printed Izvestiya and in that, they called for soldiers and workers to hold elections for the represenatatives in the Soviet

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8
Q

What proportion of the soviet were soldiers? How did this compare to the soldier-worker ratio in the city?

A

2/3 of the Soviet were soldiers whereas the worker-soldier ratio in the city was 4:1

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9
Q

What was the main paradox/issue with the PS?

A

It was unorganised and chaotic, and hence incapable of ruling Russia without the PG.

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10
Q

What was the impetus for Order Number One?

A

The Petrograd Garrison’s fear that they would be sent to the front

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11
Q

What were the three key parts of Order Number 1?

A
  • Petrograd Garrison could only carry out orders of PG if they did not conflict with those of the PS to whom the soldiers were politically subordinate
  • Soldiers were given the rights of civilians on the streets and honorific titles were abolished
  • Soldier committees were set up, reducing the command of officers
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12
Q

How did the PS view its role in government?

A

As a watchdog/supervisory body

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13
Q

What important things did the PS control?

A

Telegraph stations, railways, power supplies and many factories

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14
Q

What were the main problems with the PS?

A
  • It was too chaotic and poorly organised
  • It lacked political experience
  • Lacked support in the countryside
  • The executive committee made most the decisions and was split by Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and the SRs
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15
Q

What similar objectives between the PS and PG led to accomodationism?

A
  • They both wanted amnesty for political prisoners
  • They both wanted freedom of expression, religion etc.
  • They both wanted to abolish the Tsarist police and Okhrana
  • They wanted to enforce an 8 hour working day
  • Hold elections for a CA
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16
Q

What factors prevented the Petrograd Soviet from seizing power?

A
  • Fear of a counter revolution (from generals and upper-class)
  • Ideology - Marxist doctrine believed that a period of democracy was required before the transition to socialism
  • Inexperience within the civil service and government
  • Revolutionary leaders were still in exile at this point
  • The intellectuals in the executive committee prefered to talk than take such concrete actions
  • The common interests between the PG and PS
17
Q

Why were the PG viewed as illegitimate? What did they do to solve this? Why was this ineffective?

A
  • They were not voted for
  • They promised to hold elections for a CA with universal suffrage
  • However, these elections kept getting delayed and hence the problem of illegitimacy remained
18
Q

Why did the PG have a lack of authority?

A
  • The PS was their watchdog and had greater control over the Petrograd garrison as well as telegraph stations, railways, power supplies etc. Hence, the PG had to act according to the interests of the PS
  • This is why they followed a policy of accomodationism and allowed Order Number One
19
Q

What was the advantage/disadvantage of 5 SRs and Mensheviks joining the PG in May?

A

Advantage - gave PG more authority because it now had members of the parties from the Soviet in the government
Disadvantage - it meant the SRs and Mensheviks became associated with the failings of the PG which helped the Bolsheviks

20
Q

What did the address of the Soviet on the 14th March call for? Who contravened this despite publicly accepting it?

A
  • “Peace without annexations of indemnities” in the war

- Miliukov contravened this and it was exposed, forcing him to resign at the end of April

21
Q

What was the paradox of the war for the PG?

A
  • The war was the principal cause of socio-economic grievances in the populace
  • Yet the continuation of war was necessary to keep receiving French war credit which was keeping the Russian economy afloat and a victory would grant economic and status benefits to the new government
22
Q

What was Kerensky’s stance on the war? Why did this exacerbate the situation?

A

As War minister after the cabinet reshuffle on 5th May 1917, Kerensky actively encouraged people to join the war effort; he made speeches and visited the front. This led to the Kerensky/Summer offensive on the 16th June 1917 which only lasted 3 days. Even more territory was lost and many soldiers died (some even after shooting their officers and refusing to fight). This began the July Days

23
Q

Why were the PG reticent to help the workers who were suffering food shortages, unemployment and high prices?

A

Because the key businessmen who were supporting the PG did not want to have to pay higher wages to their workers

24
Q

What two approaches did the PG take which failed to solve the food shortage issue?

A
  • They offered to pay peasants double the price for their grain. However, this was irrelevant due to the high inflation and lack of goods for the peasants to then buy with the extra money
  • They then reverted to grain requistioning with punishment brigades but this angered peasants into hoarding grain and subsistence farming
25
Q

How many factories closed between February and July? How many jobs were lost? Why?

A

568 factories closed
100,000 jobs lost
The lack of fuel and raw materials made production impossible in some places and it had to be scaled down in others

26
Q

What problem took place in the countryside during the PG months?

A

Peasants rose up against land owners, forced demands like lower rent or set up their own local communes. Lvov encouraged local governing autonomy in fact.

27
Q

How many land seizures were reported during July?

A

237

28
Q

What was the PG approach to land redistribution?

A

They thought it required a legal framework from the CA hence did not act upon the issue even though they wanted to. They also wanted to compensate landowners who were their supporters. In the end, neither party was satisfied

29
Q

Which countries called for independence from the Russian empire during the dual authority period?

A

Poland and Finland. Ukraine and Caucuses wanted more autonomy too.

30
Q

How was the PG split over national minorities gaining independence?

A

The liberals wanted to maintain the empire and unity. The socialists however wanted to grant them more autonomy

31
Q

What offer with Ukraine in Summer 1917 caused Kadet ministers to resign?

A

Ukraine was offered self-government in return for continued support in the war

Russia (24 decks)

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