DSE212 Exploring Psychology - Chapter 9 Flashcards
Theories of Perception - What is Gestalt Psychology?
Emphasises the importance of identifying whole objects within a scene as an essential part of perception
Psychoanalysis - What is it?
Focus on impact of unconscious mind on meanings, motivations, behaviours and conscious experience
Humanistic Approach - What is it?
Focuses primarily on a person’s conscious feelings and thoughts
Psychoanalysis - Who is associated with it?
Freud
Psychoanalysis - Dream interpretations are still a central part to what?
Psychoanalytic theory and therapy
Psychoanalysis - What was a good example outlining the importance of the unconscious?
Anna O suffered from drinking water
Hypnosis - discussed Governess and dog drinking out of a glass
Psychoanalysis - What are Freud’s stages of development and at what age do they occur?
Oral
Anal
Phallic
0-5 years
Childhood experience/consequences for adult personality/neurosis and sexual style
Psychoanalysis - What is the Oral Stage?
First - development focuses on mouth and pleasure from sucking and/or biting
Psychoanalysis - What is the Anal Stage?
Second - focus on anal area, primary source of pleasure is the retention and elimination of faeces
Psychoanalysis - What is the Phallic Stage?
Third - focus is on genitals and pleasure from stimulating genital area
Psychosexual Theory - What is Oedipal conflict?
Arises during phallic phase
Boy unconsciously regards father as rival for mother’s affections
Psychosexual Theory - What is penis envy?
Controversial notion that crucial issue in female psychosexual development
Psychodynamics Therapy - What are the inner conflicts and related unconscious anxiety?
Id
Ego
Superego
Psychodynamics Therapy - What is the Id?
Aspect of psyche focused on pleasure/satisfaction of biological needs
Psychodynamics Therapy - What is the Ego?
Referee between Id and Superego Limits internal conflict anxiety
Psychodynamics Therapy - What is the Superego?
Conscience
Psychoanalysis - What is a Freudian slip?
An accidental action or utterance which expresses unconscious motivation
Psychoanalysis - What is Brewin & Andrew’s theory regarding repressive copers?
Repressive copers are more likely to have had a troubled relationship in childhood
Psychoanalysis - What is a repressive coper?
Person who is particularly good at forgetting negative information
Psychodynamics Therapy - What is a defence mechanism?
Largely unconscious process for avoiding inner conflict and anxiety
Psychoanalysis - What was Melanie Klein’s focus?
How children handle rage and aggression
Psychoanalysis - What was Erikson’s focus?
Child development and identity crisis
Adolescent identity crisis
Psychoanalysis - What did Freud argue about the importance of dreams?
They are unconscious wish/fulfillment, latent desires - disguised in the manifest content of the dream
Psychodynamics - What is it?
Inner conflict, especially between different aspects of the psyche
Psychoanalysis - What is the aim of psychoanalytic psychotherapy?
Release repressed, unconscious material by bringing into consciousness (Freud used analysis of dreams and interpretation of resistances and transference)
Psychoanalysis - What does Freud define as symbols when carrying out dream analysis?
Images that commonly represent significant objects, events or emotions eg elongated (snakes, trains) resemble the penis
Psychoanalysis - What has Spinelli pointed out about methods of psychotherapy?
No empirical evidence that one method is superior to another - the listening therapist is most important
Humanistic Approach - Why did it arise in the 1950s ?
Reaction to psychoanalysis
Humanistic Approach - Who is the main theorist?
Rogers
Humanistic Approach - What is it’s focus?
Conscious awareness of ourselves and the world about us (experimental and phenomenological approaches)
Humanistic Approach - Which two approaches are?
Experimental approach (how people experience their world) Phenomenological approach (the phenomena of things as they appear to us)
Psychoanalysis - What was the major difference between Freud and Alfred Adler?
Freud - instinct, specifically sexuality
Adler - striving to overcome feelings of inferiority
Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Approach -What are the key differences and similarities?
Emphasis placed on unconscious (psychoanalytic) versus conscious (humanistic) experience
Both focus on subjectivity and personal change
General Psychology - What is subjectivity?
The inner world of subjective experience thoughts and feelings
Humanistic Approach - What is peak experience (Maslow)?
Specific state of consciousness characterised by a sense of wholeness, meaningfulness and abundant energy
Humanistic Approach - What does Maslow’s research indicate with regard to peak experience?
Sparked off in various situations eg music, looking at landscapes, making love, transquility
Humanistic Approach - What are the three key concepts in Roger’s theory of the person?
Subjective experience
Self actualisation
The self
Humanistic Approach - What were Maslow’s interests?
Healthy personality
Study of those he considered to be self-actualisers
Humanistic Approach - Give an example of positive psychology
Maslow’s challenge of finding ways in which psychology can enhance well-being
Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Approach -Name two criticisms
Unscientific nature
Methods determined by their interest in subjectivity
Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Approach - What have psychoanalytic and humanistic approaches done for psychology?
Both have therapeutic applications
Theory and therapy go hand-in-hand for both
Psychoanalysis - What is the main aim of psychoanalytic therapy?
Bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness
Psychoanalysis - What is Freud’s therapeutic technique of psychoanalytic therapy?
Essentially aims to bring unconscious into conscious awareness (transference)
Psychoanalysis - What is transference?
Unconscious desires and feelings (towards parents in particular)
Humanistic Approach - What is person-centred counselling?
Help client to restore awareness of their feelings
Humanistic Approach - Who developed person-centred counselling?
Rogers
Humanistic Approach - What do Rogerian therapists attempt to do in person-centred counselling?
Provide a non-judgmental environment and unconditional regard
What is humanistic psychotherapy?
A holistic approach and a personal development involving several aspects of being
What types of therapy are included in humanistic psychotherapy?
Encounter groups
Gestalt therapy
Psychosynthesis
What is the most recent area of humanistic tradition?
Positive psychology
What is the main aim of a humanistic perspective?
Focus on enabling us to play a part in becoming the person we want to be
Give an example of a phenomenological qualitative method
Becker & Yodder
Analysis of individual accounts of specific kinds of experience eg anger
What are the main differences in psychoanalytic and humanistic approach?
Psychoanalytic is unconscious and past, humanistic is conscious and present
In psychoanalysis what is psychic determinism?
The notion our actions/experiences are determined by unconscious residues of early experience
What did the humanistic psychologist Frankl emphasise?
The will to meaning ie need to find meaning and purpose in life
What four ways did Frankl suggest personal meaning may be sought?
Actions, experience, love and fortitude
- spent several years in Auschwitz
What is meant by personal constructs?
How Kelly referred to bi-polar discriminations to make sense of the world
- similar to Maslow
What is Kelly’s repertory grid?
Elements on the grid father, mother, friend and how they relate to them
Who originated the term ‘self-actualisation’?
Goldstein (1939)
What interesting point did Maslow make about self-actualisers?
Opposing characteristics were usually merged
Whose research was similar to Frankl with regards to the ways in which we seek meaning in life?
Wong & Fry
Maslow discusses peak experience and emphasises it’s importance. What is Csikzentmihalyis analogous notion of this?
Flow
Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Approach - What are the differences?
Psychoanalysis focuses largely on analysis and assistance of the therapist
Humanistic approach focuses on the client not the therapist
(clients are primary agents in their own development and change)
Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Approach - What are the similarities?
Both offer a means of exploring subjectivity and personal change and stimulate our thinking abut what it is to be a person and how we live our lives
What are Freudian key ideas? - 3 points
Importance of unconscious
Origins of unconscious drives and childhood experiences
Psychodynamic conflict resulting in angst
What do neo-Freudians focus on?
Emphasis on personality development throughout life - not just in childhood
What ways did Freud suggest defence mechanism works?
Repression
Regression
Displacement
Sublimination
What are the last two stages of Freud psychosexual stages?
Latent (up to 11 years)
Genital (rest of life)
What are the comparisons between psychoanalytic and humanistic approaches?
Psychoanalytic is deterministic
Humanistic is autonomous
Both have been marginalised in academic psychology
Both encompass subjectivity
Both complementary in that capacity of change through therapy
Who is associated with Gestalt therapy?
Perls
