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Psychology > DSE212 Exploring Psychology - Chapter 9 > Flashcards

DSE212 Exploring Psychology - Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Theories of Perception - What is Gestalt Psychology?

A

Emphasises the importance of identifying whole objects within a scene as an essential part of perception

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2
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is it?

A

Focus on impact of unconscious mind on meanings, motivations, behaviours and conscious experience

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3
Q

Humanistic Approach - What is it?

A

Focuses primarily on a person’s conscious feelings and thoughts

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4
Q

Psychoanalysis - Who is associated with it?

A

Freud

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5
Q

Psychoanalysis - Dream interpretations are still a central part to what?

A

Psychoanalytic theory and therapy

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6
Q

Psychoanalysis - What was a good example outlining the importance of the unconscious?

A

Anna O suffered from drinking water

Hypnosis - discussed Governess and dog drinking out of a glass

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7
Q

Psychoanalysis - What are Freud’s stages of development and at what age do they occur?

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic

0-5 years

Childhood experience/consequences for adult personality/neurosis and sexual style

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8
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is the Oral Stage?

A

First - development focuses on mouth and pleasure from sucking and/or biting

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9
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is the Anal Stage?

A

Second - focus on anal area, primary source of pleasure is the retention and elimination of faeces

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10
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is the Phallic Stage?

A

Third - focus is on genitals and pleasure from stimulating genital area

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11
Q

Psychosexual Theory - What is Oedipal conflict?

A

Arises during phallic phase

Boy unconsciously regards father as rival for mother’s affections

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12
Q

Psychosexual Theory - What is penis envy?

A

Controversial notion that crucial issue in female psychosexual development

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13
Q

Psychodynamics Therapy - What are the inner conflicts and related unconscious anxiety?

A

Id
Ego
Superego

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14
Q

Psychodynamics Therapy - What is the Id?

A

Aspect of psyche focused on pleasure/satisfaction of biological needs

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15
Q

Psychodynamics Therapy - What is the Ego?

A

Referee between Id and Superego Limits internal conflict anxiety

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16
Q

Psychodynamics Therapy - What is the Superego?

A

Conscience

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17
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is a Freudian slip?

A

An accidental action or utterance which expresses unconscious motivation

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18
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is Brewin & Andrew’s theory regarding repressive copers?

A

Repressive copers are more likely to have had a troubled relationship in childhood

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19
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is a repressive coper?

A

Person who is particularly good at forgetting negative information

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20
Q

Psychodynamics Therapy - What is a defence mechanism?

A

Largely unconscious process for avoiding inner conflict and anxiety

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21
Q

Psychoanalysis - What was Melanie Klein’s focus?

A

How children handle rage and aggression

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22
Q

Psychoanalysis - What was Erikson’s focus?

A

Child development and identity crisis

Adolescent identity crisis

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23
Q

Psychoanalysis - What did Freud argue about the importance of dreams?

A

They are unconscious wish/fulfillment, latent desires - disguised in the manifest content of the dream

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24
Q

Psychodynamics - What is it?

A

Inner conflict, especially between different aspects of the psyche

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25
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is the aim of psychoanalytic psychotherapy?

A

Release repressed, unconscious material by bringing into consciousness (Freud used analysis of dreams and interpretation of resistances and transference)

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26
Q

Psychoanalysis - What does Freud define as symbols when carrying out dream analysis?

A

Images that commonly represent significant objects, events or emotions eg elongated (snakes, trains) resemble the penis

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27
Q

Psychoanalysis - What has Spinelli pointed out about methods of psychotherapy?

A

No empirical evidence that one method is superior to another - the listening therapist is most important

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28
Q

Humanistic Approach - Why did it arise in the 1950s ?

A

Reaction to psychoanalysis

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29
Q

Humanistic Approach - Who is the main theorist?

A

Rogers

30
Q

Humanistic Approach - What is it’s focus?

A

Conscious awareness of ourselves and the world about us (experimental and phenomenological approaches)

31
Q

Humanistic Approach - Which two approaches are?

A 
Experimental approach (how people experience their world)
Phenomenological approach (the phenomena of things as they appear to us)
32
Q

Psychoanalysis - What was the major difference between Freud and Alfred Adler?

A

Freud - instinct, specifically sexuality

Adler - striving to overcome feelings of inferiority

33
Q

Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Approach -What are the key differences and similarities?

A

Emphasis placed on unconscious (psychoanalytic) versus conscious (humanistic) experience

Both focus on subjectivity and personal change

34
Q

General Psychology - What is subjectivity?

A

The inner world of subjective experience thoughts and feelings

35
Q

Humanistic Approach - What is peak experience (Maslow)?

A

Specific state of consciousness characterised by a sense of wholeness, meaningfulness and abundant energy

36
Q

Humanistic Approach - What does Maslow’s research indicate with regard to peak experience?

A

Sparked off in various situations eg music, looking at landscapes, making love, transquility

37
Q

Humanistic Approach - What are the three key concepts in Roger’s theory of the person?

A

Subjective experience
Self actualisation
The self

38
Q

Humanistic Approach - What were Maslow’s interests?

A

Healthy personality

Study of those he considered to be self-actualisers

39
Q

Humanistic Approach - Give an example of positive psychology

A

Maslow’s challenge of finding ways in which psychology can enhance well-being

40
Q

Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Approach -Name two criticisms

A

Unscientific nature

Methods determined by their interest in subjectivity

41
Q

Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Approach - What have psychoanalytic and humanistic approaches done for psychology?

A

Both have therapeutic applications

Theory and therapy go hand-in-hand for both

42
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is the main aim of psychoanalytic therapy?

A

Bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness

43
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is Freud’s therapeutic technique of psychoanalytic therapy?

A

Essentially aims to bring unconscious into conscious awareness (transference)

44
Q

Psychoanalysis - What is transference?

A

Unconscious desires and feelings (towards parents in particular)

45
Q

Humanistic Approach - What is person-centred counselling?

A

Help client to restore awareness of their feelings

46
Q

Humanistic Approach - Who developed person-centred counselling?

A

Rogers

47
Q

Humanistic Approach - What do Rogerian therapists attempt to do in person-centred counselling?

A

Provide a non-judgmental environment and unconditional regard

48
Q

What is humanistic psychotherapy?

A

A holistic approach and a personal development involving several aspects of being

49
Q

What types of therapy are included in humanistic psychotherapy?

A

Encounter groups
Gestalt therapy
Psychosynthesis

50
Q

What is the most recent area of humanistic tradition?

A

Positive psychology

51
Q

What is the main aim of a humanistic perspective?

A

Focus on enabling us to play a part in becoming the person we want to be

52
Q

Give an example of a phenomenological qualitative method

A

Becker & Yodder

Analysis of individual accounts of specific kinds of experience eg anger

53
Q

What are the main differences in psychoanalytic and humanistic approach?

A

Psychoanalytic is unconscious and past, humanistic is conscious and present

54
Q

In psychoanalysis what is psychic determinism?

A

The notion our actions/experiences are determined by unconscious residues of early experience

55
Q

What did the humanistic psychologist Frankl emphasise?

A

The will to meaning ie need to find meaning and purpose in life

56
Q

What four ways did Frankl suggest personal meaning may be sought?

A

Actions, experience, love and fortitude

  • spent several years in Auschwitz
57
Q

What is meant by personal constructs?

A

How Kelly referred to bi-polar discriminations to make sense of the world

  • similar to Maslow
58
Q

What is Kelly’s repertory grid?

A

Elements on the grid father, mother, friend and how they relate to them

59
Q

Who originated the term ‘self-actualisation’?

A

Goldstein (1939)

60
Q

What interesting point did Maslow make about self-actualisers?

A

Opposing characteristics were usually merged

61
Q

Whose research was similar to Frankl with regards to the ways in which we seek meaning in life?

A

Wong & Fry

62
Q

Maslow discusses peak experience and emphasises it’s importance. What is Csikzentmihalyis analogous notion of this?

A

Flow

63
Q

Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Approach - What are the differences?

A

Psychoanalysis focuses largely on analysis and assistance of the therapist

Humanistic approach focuses on the client not the therapist

(clients are primary agents in their own development and change)

64
Q

Psychoanalysis and Humanistic Approach - What are the similarities?

A

Both offer a means of exploring subjectivity and personal change and stimulate our thinking abut what it is to be a person and how we live our lives

65
Q

What are Freudian key ideas? - 3 points

A

Importance of unconscious

Origins of unconscious drives and childhood experiences

Psychodynamic conflict resulting in angst

66
Q

What do neo-Freudians focus on?

A

Emphasis on personality development throughout life - not just in childhood

67
Q

What ways did Freud suggest defence mechanism works?

A

Repression

Regression

Displacement

Sublimination

68
Q

What are the last two stages of Freud psychosexual stages?

A

Latent (up to 11 years)

Genital (rest of life)

69
Q

What are the comparisons between psychoanalytic and humanistic approaches?

A

Psychoanalytic is deterministic

Humanistic is autonomous

Both have been marginalised in academic psychology

Both encompass subjectivity

Both complementary in that capacity of change through therapy

70
Q

Who is associated with Gestalt therapy?

A

Perls

Psychology (6 decks)

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