DSE212 Exploring Psychology - Chapter 3 don't revise

Question 1

Cognitive Approach - Give an example of the Cognitive Perspective of Learning

Answer 1

Category Learning

Question 2

Cognitive Approach - Why did the Cognitive Approach arise?

Answer 2

Dissatisfaction with Behaviourism

Question 3

Cognitive Approach - Which tradition considers people as ‘machines’ despite their differences?

Answer 3

Cognitive Psychology

Question 4

Cognitive Approach - Which tradition may consider memory in terms of what is remembered and what influences that remembering?

Answer 4

Cognitive Psychology

Question 5

Cognitive Approach - Who coined the term ‘Category Learning’?

Answer 5

William James (1890-1950)

Question 6

Cognitive Approach - Who studied Category Learning?

Answer 6

Brunner et al (1956)

Question 7

Cognitive Approach - Who used artificial stimuli in their research which was thus deemed to lack ecological validity?

Answer 7

Brunner et al (1956)

Question 8

Cognitive Approach - What did Murphy & Allopenna (1994) show was important in Category Learning?

Answer 8

Importance of background knowledge (themes)

Question 9

Cognitive Approach - Who extended our understanding of the influence of prior knowledge?

Answer 9

Kaplan & Murphy (2000)

Question 10

Cognitive Approach - Relating to Category Learning what was the argument between Murphy et al and Brunner et al?

Answer 10

Murphy showed the meaningfulness of categories and category labels

Brunner tended to exclude them

Question 11

Cognitive Approach - What do Fodder & Chomsky propose regarding category learning?

Answer 11

Innate and cannot be learned

Question 12

Cognitive Approach - Fodder & Chomsky agree with which Greek philosopher regarding ‘inborn’ ideas?

Answer 12

Plato

Question 13

Comparative Approach - What does it study?

Answer 13

Cross-species in order to establish general and specific features of behaviour

Question 14

Comparative Approach - Which tradition does it belong to?

Answer 14

Behaviourism

Question 15

Comparative Approach - What types of conditioning does it study?

Answer 15

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Question 16

Classical Conditioning - Which 2 items were ‘contingencies’ in Pavlov’s experiment?

Answer 16

Food

Bell

Question 17

Classical Conditioning - Which item in Pavlov’s experiment was the ‘neutral stimulus’?

Answer 17

Bell

Question 18

Classical Conditioning - In Pavlov’s experiment which response was the unconditional response?

Answer 18

Salivation from food

Question 19

Classical Conditioning - In Pavlov’s experiment which response was the conditional response?

Answer 19

Salivation from bell

Question 20

Classical Conditioning - Apart from Pavlov which other psychologist created a famous study relating to Classical Conditioning?

Answer 20

Watson
Little Albert study
Rat

Question 21

Operant Conditioning - Who conducted experiments into this?

Answer 21

Skinner (1948-1990)

Question 22

Comparative Approach - Whose methods have proven their worth in changing problem behaviour?

Answer 22

Skinner (1948-1990)

Behaviour modification

Question 23

Comparative Approach - What was Skinner’s view on punishment?

Answer 23

Unethical

Relatively ineffective

Question 24

Sociocultural Perspective - What does it consider is involved with learning?

Answer 24

Tools and artefacts, interpersonal relationships and cultural systems

(view that human learning deliberately attempts to see learning as either purely mental or purely physical)

Question 25

Sociocultural Perspective - Whose identity was influenced by this?

Answer 25

Gergen

Question 26

Sociocultural Perspective - What was Saljo’s (1999) explanation to cultural understanding?

Answer 26

Learning always occurs through interaction with tools (physical and mental)

Question 27

Sociocultural Perspective - What is the notion of ‘making something your own’?

Answer 27

Appropriation

Question 28

Sociocultural Perspective - How do Light & Littleton consider appropriation with regard to tools?

Answer 28

Tools become part of our view of the world

Question 29

Sociocultural Perspective - Whose findings highlighted the impact of the presence of a computer on an activity by a mixed sex class?

Answer 29

Keogh et al (2000)

Question 30

Sociocultural Perspective - What did Keogh observe in a mixed sex activity involving a computer and its subsequent removal?

Answer 30

Boys appropriated the computer

Work was shared equally once the computer was removed

Question 31

Sociocultural Perspective - How does it view learning?

Answer 31

Process of enculturation

Question 32

Sociocultural Perspective - Who recognised that personal meanings and understandings are created, negotiated and enriched within interpersonal exchanges?

Answer 32

Crook (1999)

Question 33

Comparative Approach - What is Law of Effect?

Answer 33

Response + favourable consequence = will be learned

Question 34

Cognitive Approach - What is nativism?

Answer 34

Belief that knowledge is mainly or exclusively innate

Question 35

General Psychology - What is empiricism?

Answer 35

Belief that knowledge should be mainly or exclusively based on evidence about the world received via our senses

Question 36

Comparative Approach - The methods of Skinner have proven their worth in changing problem behaviour. What is the technical term?

Answer 36

Behaviour modification

Question 37

Comparative Approach - What is the therapeutic treatment for phobias?

Answer 37

In-vivo (in-life) exposure to feared stimuli

Question 38

Classical Conditioning - What is a treatment for phobias?

Answer 38

Counter-conditioning - training the individual to replace anxiety with relaxaton

Question 39

Operant Conditioning - How is instrumental conditioning studied?

Answer 39

Skinner box

Question 40

Classical Conditioning - What happens to a contingency between stimuli?

Answer 40

Neutral stimulus paired with unconditional stimulus becomes a conditional stimulus

Question 41

Comparative Approach - Demonstrates important principles of learning but what are it’s limitations?

Answer 41

Focus purely on behaviour

Ignores cognitive processes

Question 42

Sociocultural Perspective - What study did Keogh conduct?

Answer 42

Classroom study with computer

Question 43

Sociocultural Perspective - What study did Mercer conduct?

Answer 43

Naturalistic observational study to investigation the nature of primary school children’s talk