DSE212 Exploring Psychology - Chapter 3 don't revise Flashcards
Cognitive Approach - Give an example of the Cognitive Perspective of Learning
Category Learning
Cognitive Approach - Why did the Cognitive Approach arise?
Dissatisfaction with Behaviourism
Cognitive Approach - Which tradition considers people as ‘machines’ despite their differences?
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Approach - Which tradition may consider memory in terms of what is remembered and what influences that remembering?
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Approach - Who coined the term ‘Category Learning’?
William James (1890-1950)
Cognitive Approach - Who studied Category Learning?
Brunner et al (1956)
Cognitive Approach - Who used artificial stimuli in their research which was thus deemed to lack ecological validity?
Brunner et al (1956)
Cognitive Approach - What did Murphy & Allopenna (1994) show was important in Category Learning?
Importance of background knowledge (themes)
Cognitive Approach - Who extended our understanding of the influence of prior knowledge?
Kaplan & Murphy (2000)
Cognitive Approach - Relating to Category Learning what was the argument between Murphy et al and Brunner et al?
Murphy showed the meaningfulness of categories and category labels
Brunner tended to exclude them
Cognitive Approach - What do Fodder & Chomsky propose regarding category learning?
Innate and cannot be learned
Cognitive Approach - Fodder & Chomsky agree with which Greek philosopher regarding ‘inborn’ ideas?
Plato
Comparative Approach - What does it study?
Cross-species in order to establish general and specific features of behaviour
Comparative Approach - Which tradition does it belong to?
Behaviourism
Comparative Approach - What types of conditioning does it study?
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning - Which 2 items were ‘contingencies’ in Pavlov’s experiment?
Food
Bell
Classical Conditioning - Which item in Pavlov’s experiment was the ‘neutral stimulus’?
Bell
Classical Conditioning - In Pavlov’s experiment which response was the unconditional response?
Salivation from food
Classical Conditioning - In Pavlov’s experiment which response was the conditional response?
Salivation from bell
Classical Conditioning - Apart from Pavlov which other psychologist created a famous study relating to Classical Conditioning?
Watson
Little Albert study
Rat
Operant Conditioning - Who conducted experiments into this?
Skinner (1948-1990)
Comparative Approach - Whose methods have proven their worth in changing problem behaviour?
Skinner (1948-1990)
Behaviour modification
Comparative Approach - What was Skinner’s view on punishment?
Unethical
Relatively ineffective
Sociocultural Perspective - What does it consider is involved with learning?
Tools and artefacts, interpersonal relationships and cultural systems
(view that human learning deliberately attempts to see learning as either purely mental or purely physical)
Sociocultural Perspective - Whose identity was influenced by this?
Gergen
Sociocultural Perspective - What was Saljo’s (1999) explanation to cultural understanding?
Learning always occurs through interaction with tools (physical and mental)
Sociocultural Perspective - What is the notion of ‘making something your own’?
Appropriation
Sociocultural Perspective - How do Light & Littleton consider appropriation with regard to tools?
Tools become part of our view of the world
Sociocultural Perspective - Whose findings highlighted the impact of the presence of a computer on an activity by a mixed sex class?
Keogh et al (2000)
Sociocultural Perspective - What did Keogh observe in a mixed sex activity involving a computer and its subsequent removal?
Boys appropriated the computer
Work was shared equally once the computer was removed
Sociocultural Perspective - How does it view learning?
Process of enculturation
Sociocultural Perspective - Who recognised that personal meanings and understandings are created, negotiated and enriched within interpersonal exchanges?
Crook (1999)
Comparative Approach - What is Law of Effect?
Response + favourable consequence = will be learned
Cognitive Approach - What is nativism?
Belief that knowledge is mainly or exclusively innate
General Psychology - What is empiricism?
Belief that knowledge should be mainly or exclusively based on evidence about the world received via our senses
Comparative Approach - The methods of Skinner have proven their worth in changing problem behaviour. What is the technical term?
Behaviour modification
Comparative Approach - What is the therapeutic treatment for phobias?
In-vivo (in-life) exposure to feared stimuli
Classical Conditioning - What is a treatment for phobias?
Counter-conditioning - training the individual to replace anxiety with relaxaton
Operant Conditioning - How is instrumental conditioning studied?
Skinner box
Classical Conditioning - What happens to a contingency between stimuli?
Neutral stimulus paired with unconditional stimulus becomes a conditional stimulus
Comparative Approach - Demonstrates important principles of learning but what are it’s limitations?
Focus purely on behaviour
Ignores cognitive processes
Sociocultural Perspective - What study did Keogh conduct?
Classroom study with computer
Sociocultural Perspective - What study did Mercer conduct?
Naturalistic observational study to investigation the nature of primary school children’s talk
