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Psychology > DSE212 Challenging Psychology - Chapter 1 > Flashcards

DSE212 Challenging Psychology - Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do childhood relationships influence development? 3 points

A

Development of self
Support development of social understanding
Promote cognitive development

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2
Q

What is the difference between a horizontal and a vertical relationship and who is the theorist?

A

Schaffer

Horizontal - between people of equal status and power
Vertical - one person has more knowledge and power than the other (older siblings may provide complementary reciprocal elements)

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3
Q

Who studied siblings in observational studies?

A

Abramovitch & Dunn

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4
Q

What did observational sibling studies highlight? 2 points

A

Developmental significance

Complexities of relationships

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5
Q

What differences in sibling studies were noted between parent-child and sibling relationships?

A

Mothers focus on child’s feelings

Siblings focus on their own

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6
Q

Who conducted research on ‘pretend play’?

A

Goncu

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7
Q

What did Goncu argue about pretend play?

A

Complex activities involving negotiating shared meaning on different planes simultaneously

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8
Q

According to Goncu what do children share and develop through pretend play?

A

Emotionally significant experiences and they develop social understanding, skills, perspectives and cultural roles

(video study doctor/patient roles, two girls)

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9
Q

What is the experience of being aware of conflicting ideas held by peers enforcing a re-examination of ones own understanding of that idea?

A

Socio-cognitive conflict

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10
Q

What did Piaget see childen doing with regard to their development and who was inspired?

A

Constructing their own understanding and identity through peer interactions

(Doise and Mugney were inspired by Piaget)

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11
Q

What is symbolic interactionism?

A

Symbols or meanings that exist between people when interacting

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12
Q

How did Mead describe the self?

A

As being divided into two parts, I and Me

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13
Q

What does Mead’s I and Me mean when describing self?

A

Me consists of what we know, body, clothes and self as object
I is active process of experiencing capacity for conscious awareness

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14
Q

What do Doise and Mugny suggest is required for cognitive development?

A

Exposure to conflicting perspectives
Recurrent findings - children who worked on tasks with others made greater individual progress

(Azmitia found similar findings in adults)

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15
Q

What sort of study did Dunn do?

A

Naturalistic observational study of siblings

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16
Q

At what age can children be seen to use social pretend play?

A

18 months

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17
Q

What is Mead’s view on what children learn through pretend play?

A

Take perspective of others towards themselves

Ability to reflect on themselves

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18
Q

What is required to work on a challenging task?

A

Meta-cognitive skills

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19
Q

What can opportunities for interaction with peers promote?

A

Improve learning

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20
Q

Who studied friendship pairs opposed to acquaintance pairs while working on scientific projects?

A

Azmitia

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21
Q

What did Azmitia conclude about friendship pairs as opposed to acquaintance pairs in relation to scientific reasoning?

A

More challenging tasks requiring meta-cognitive skills were better carried out with friends

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22
Q

According to Schaffer what do vertical relationships offer?

A

Protection, security, potential to gain knowledge and acquire skills

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23
Q

Conclusion:

What should not be underestimated with regard to childhood relationships?

A

In childhood the importance of relationships with adults

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24
Q

What was neglected in psychology until recently?

A

Later life and aging

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25
Q

What has aging been seen as?

A

A stereotypically negative process

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26
Q

What does research in the area of aging suggest?

A

Aging is a time not only of decline but also of growth

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27
Q

How many stages did Erikson use to describe development through the lifespan?

A

8

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28
Q

What criticisms are there of Erikson’s narrow view of later life?

A

Suggestion that later life is about coming to terms with death and dying
Time of stability

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29
Q

How did Peck describe old age?

A

Crisis in valuing wisdom versus physical powers

30
Q

What was Peck’s opposing view to Erikson’s regarding middle age?

A

Time of flexibility and change

Time of coping with loss

31
Q

What is a criticism of Peck’s claim?

A

Culturally specific

32
Q

What do Peck’s and Erikson’s theories have in common?

A

Both person centred
Both holistic and humanistic approaches

  • other psychologists have taken a function-centred approach
33
Q

How does Baltes define aging?

A

Maximising gains whilst minimising losses

34
Q

What is SOC in Baltes definition of aging?

A

Selection, Optimisation and Compensation to balance gains/losses

35
Q

Give examples of SOC using a pianist

A

Selection - places fewer notes
Optimisation - practices more
Compensation - plays slowly prior to playing a fast piece

36
Q

With regard to episodic memory what is Ribot’s law?

A

Older people remember past events better than new ones

37
Q

Memory change in later life is not necessarily about change - what is it about?

A

Qualitative changes taking place

38
Q

Who gave an example of qualitative change in age using Mastermind?

A

Mayor

Performance of semantic memory (general knowledge) improved with age

39
Q

What can improve with age?

A

Semantic memory

40
Q

What did Noice et al find with regard to memory in old age?

A

Practicing memory tasks appears to improve regardless of age

41
Q

What did Kensinge & Schacter find in their experiment?

A

Younger adults recalled more words

42
Q

How did Kensinge & Schacter conduct their experiment?

A

45 words in sets of 15
Semantically associated with false target words
Asked to recall

43
Q

What is crystalised intelligence?

A

Abilities that are a product of our experience eg vocabulary and general knowledge

44
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

Ability that reflects efficient information processing ie the speed of processing

45
Q

Who found that people with high verbal ability, high social class and better education are less likely to experience decline in verbal ability with age?

A

Deary et al

46
Q

Conclusion:

What influences aspects of physical functioning in later life?

A

Individual differences and social contexts

47
Q

What is Bowlby’s attachment theory based on?

A

Biological drive to achieve security through primary attachment to mother (internal working model)

48
Q

What did Bowlby consider was essential in terms of the internal working model?

A

Essential for later mental health, future relationships and social responsible behaviour

49
Q

What did Bowlby consider was critical to development?

A

Early attachment

early and late explanations of attachment theory co-exist

50
Q

What theory is associated with Ainsworth?

A

Strange situation therapy (SST)

Widely accepted, valid and used research method

51
Q

What are the three attachment types associated with Ainsworth’s strange situation therapy?

A

Type A - insecure, anxious, avoidance
Type B - secure
Type C - insecure, anxious, ambivalent

52
Q

What type of attachment does a Type A child show?

A

Troubled attachment

53
Q

What type of attachment does a Type B child show?

A

Care-giver is a secure base

54
Q

What type of attachment does a Type C child show?

A

Distress at separation

Care-giver presence important

55
Q

What research did Hazan & Shaver conduct?

A

Quiz on people’s attachment styles in romantic relationships

56
Q

What methodological problems were there with Hazan & Shaver’s quiz?

A

Difficult to relate to one style

57
Q

How did Main conduct her research?

A

Standardised form of interview known as the adult attachment interview (AAI)

58
Q

What do Main’s interview questions cover?

A

Asked the adult about their relationships with parents as a child

59
Q

What is earned security?

A

Gained as an adult and associated with secure adult attachments ie marriage

60
Q

Whose theory of adult attachment type classifications is similar to ABC classifications of Hazan & Shaver?

A

Main’s

61
Q

What does Rutter et al suggest happens to enable secure attachments?

A

Ability to move on from difficult childhood

Associated with strong and positive relationships

62
Q

Which study highlighted the importance of lifetime events/experiences on attachment?

A

Biefield longitudinal study tracing development of children

63
Q

Who found a strong correspondence between SST and AAT?

A

Hamilton

Stability related to stable family circumstances

64
Q

What did Vygotsky study?

A

Observation of sisters pretending to be sisters
Ideas of self concepts develop through social experience and interaction

(symbolic interactionism)

65
Q

What did Berndt find in relation to friends working together?

A

He found that there was no gain at all

in contrast to Azmitia

66
Q

Piaget and Vygotsky focus on examining stages of development in childhood. What does Bronfenberenner study?

A

Focus on change in terms of both influences in childhood and throughout adulthood

Piaget, Vygotsky and Bronfenberenner are complementary

67
Q

What underlies many-function centred approaches?

A

Decreases in functioning memory etc

68
Q

What sort of methods do lifespan psychologists use?

A

Longitudinal and cross-sectional designs

69
Q

What methods does lifespan research use on development of children and elderly?

A

Methods appropriate for these populations

ethical concerns

70
Q

What sort of approach did Piaget favour?

A

Organismic approach

Psychology (6 decks)

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