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Psychology > DSE212 Exploring Psychology - Chapter 6 > Flashcards

DSE212 Exploring Psychology - Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

General Psychology - What is the process that operates between what is sensed and what is perceived?

A

Attention

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2
Q

General Psychology - What is perception the end result of?

A

Processing and modification of sensory information

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3
Q

General Psychology - What is the difference between sensation and perception?

A

Sensation = detection of stimuli in the world by a sensory organ (eye, ear)

Perception = analysis and processing (integration with prior knowledge/experience of sensory information)

(top down)

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4
Q

General Psychology - Who provided the earliest definition of attention?

A

William James (1890)

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5
Q

General Psychology - Whose studies were used to demonstrate change blindness?

A

Simons & Levin (1998)

The door passing between interviewer and interviewee - only 50% of participants noticed

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6
Q

Cognitive Perspective - Which methods have been used to study limited capacity attention?

A

Kahnemann

Dual task studies of attention study ability to do two things at once and it’s effects on cognitive ability

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7
Q

Cognitive Perspective - Who devised the first dual task study?

A

Posner & Boies (1971)

Letter recognition/pressing button/auditory beep

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8
Q

Cognitive Perspective - Whose later dual task research obtained different results to Posner & Boies 1971 study?

A

McLeod (1977)

Changed button press to saying ‘bip’
reaction time not slowed

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9
Q

Cognitive Perspective - Which theory suggests that different pools of resources are available for different types of tasks?

A

Multiple Resource Theory of Attention

Navon & Gopher (1979)

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10
Q

Cognitive Perspective - What does Posner (1980) liken attention to?

A

Spotlight

Attentional spotlight illuminates small part of visual field

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11
Q

Cognitive Perspective - When driving and perceptual load is high how does Engel (1971) say we process the information?

A

Attentional tunnelling

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12
Q

Cognitive Perspective - What is the crucial aspect of stimulus induced attention?

A

Involuntary

eg attention is drawn to a loud noise

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13
Q

Cognitive Perspective - What is a stimulus induced shift of attention?

A

Something in the environment draws attention - we have no conscious control over it (exogenous systems)

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14
Q

Cognitive Perspective - Who suggests a ‘bottleneck’ theory of attention?

A

Broadbent (1954, 1971)

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15
Q

Cognitive Perspective - Where does Broadbent suggest the bottleneck operates?

A

Very early in the system therefore most sensory information receives no conscious processing

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16
Q

Cognitive Perspective - How did Broadbent test his theory about the bottleneck occurring early in the system?

A

A split-span procedure using series of digits heard by alternate ears

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17
Q

Cognitive Perspective - What is meant by the term ‘looked but failed to see (LBFS)’?

A

Do not see what you do not expect to see

Sabey & Staughton

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18
Q

Cognitive Perspective - Limited capacity theories of attention are related to who?

A

Kahneman (1973)

arousal, repeated journeys = less arousal

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19
Q

Cognitive Perspective - Whose theory is the attentional spotlight?

A

Posner (1980)

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20
Q

Cognitive Perspective - Who used ‘zoom lens’ as a analogy to describe attentional spotlight?

A

Erikson & Murphy (1987)

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21
Q

Cognitive Perspective - Who proposed the multiple resource theory of attention?

A

Navon & Gopher (1979)

Wickens (1992)

(different pools of resources for different types of task)

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22
Q

Cognitive Perspective - Broadbent is associated with which theory?

A

Bottleneck Theory of Attention

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23
Q

Cognitive Perspective - Lavie (1995) believes in what?

A

Perceptual load (heavy while driving)

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24
Q

Cognitive Perspective - What did Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) distinguish between controlled and automatic processes?

A

Controlled process - heavy cognitive demand

Automatic process - less cognitive demand

Two Process Theory

Suggest automatic processing allows cognitive processes to be used elsewhere

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25
Q

Cognitive Perspective - Which study demonstrates some of the costs associated with automatic processing?

A

The Stroop (1935)

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26
Q

Constructivist Approach - Who is associated with this theory?

A

Gregory (1966)

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27
Q

Constructivist Approach - What is it?

A

Perception is built from incomplete sensory data with the aid of stored knowledge

We form a series of perceptual hypotheses

(top-down and bottom-up processing)

Relate to Muller-Lyer illusion

28
Q

Constructivist Approach - What is the Muller-Lyer illusion?

A

Similar length lines appear different lengths due directional arrows on top and bottom as we interpret them using our experience and knowledge of the world

(Relates to Gibson’s theory of direct perception?

29
Q

General Psychology - What is Gibson’s (1950) theory and how does it relate with regard to Gregory and the Three C’s?

A

Direct Perception

No need for top-down information

Contrasts with Gregory but does not conflict therefore it coexists

30
Q

General Psychology - What does Gibson’s theory emphasise?

A

Perception without the need for integration with stored knowledge, emphasise the dynamic nature of perception

(do not perceive as static images but as ever changing scene)

31
Q

Phenomenological Approach - What is it?

A

Unique experience of perception of the world by an individual

32
Q

Phenomenological Approach - Who was the founder of the tradition?

A

Hussel (1931)

33
Q

General Psychology - What are used to monitor brain activity whilst a task is being undertaken?

A

Functional Brain Imaging techniques which monitor DLPFC and ACC areas of the brain

34
Q

Cognitive Approach - What was the fMRI study of McDonald et al (2000)?

fMRI - functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A

Brain imaging technique while a participant undertook the Stroop test to assess brain activity when particular tasks are carried out

35
Q

Cognitive Approach - What is a limitation of fMRI?

A

Doesn’t provide info as to how a particular part of the brain may be involved

36
Q

Cognitive Approach - What is Cognitive Neuro Psychology?

A

Investigates what happens when the brain stops working normally

37
Q

Cognitive Approach - What happened in the case of Sacks (1985)?

A

The man who mistook his wife for a hat

Able to sense something but it was impossible to link it to the appropriate knowledge

38
Q

Cognitive Approach - What is agnosia?

A

Inability to recognise objects despite normal sensory input

39
Q

General Psychology - What did Maundsell & McAdam’s (2000) study suggest?

A

Attention can influence neurons in exactly the same way as changing information from the senses

Note: this type of research is in it’s infancy

40
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

Study of how the brain works, physical structure and activity

41
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Concerned with remembering facts eg places and things I pass walking to the station everyday - (non-specific general)

42
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Relates to specific contexts eg who I passed on the way to the station last Tuesday morning (specific)

43
Q

What is Attention?

A

Selecting one thing to focus on out of many

Suggests that we filter out the things that we think are irrelevant and only consider interesting or pertinent infomation

44
Q

What did McLeod’s dual task study conclude?

A

Different resource pools support the button pressing and saying bip responses and they don’t interfere

45
Q

What did McLeod’s study propose?

A

Processing deficiency is in maiking the response and not perceiving the stimuli suggesting multiple resource theory of attention

46
Q

What is an example of an endogenous system?

A

Hunger or thirst

47
Q

What was concluded from Broadbent’s split span procedure?

A

Switching attention from one ear to the other required more cognitive resources

Physical characteristic of which ear the stimulus came to was used to filter

48
Q

Who criticised Broadbent’s theory of early processing?

A

Treisman

Cocktail party effect

49
Q

What do Deutsch & Deutsch claim about bottleneck theory of attention?

A

There are no resource limitations on processing and all sensory stimuli is processed - no filtering is involved early or late

50
Q

How do Broadbent, Treismann and Deutsch & Deutsch fall into the three C’s?

A

Coexist

51
Q

What did Cole & Hughes say about cognitive processes in the everyday world?

A

Sensory conspicuity is an object conspicuous enough to be sensed and attention conspicuity is an object conspicuous enough to grab our atention

52
Q

What did Wulf et al say about sensory versus attention conspicuity?

A

High sensory conspicuity may not make an object less likely to be hit if the driver isn’t expecting to see it eg may not perceive highly visible police car parked on the motorway in the same direction as the traffic

53
Q

What did Langham et al study?

A

Accidents with Police cars parked on motorways to block lanes (lab experiment using video clips)

54
Q

What did Langham et al conclude from their study?

A

Police car orientation was important echelon parked were more noticeable

55
Q

What did Eberson et al study and conclude with regard to drivers?

A

Real life and simulator drivers assessing when to cross an intersection and concluded that real life made less errors whereas simulators made errors

56
Q

What does the Eberson study demonstrate?

A

Difficulty of studying psychological (cognitive) processes either in real-life or lab and the need to use different techniques to get a clearer picture

57
Q

What does the Two Process Theory claim?

A

Controlled and automatic processing happen simultaneously all the time, one or the other dominates depending on context and task in hand

58
Q

The phenomenological approach provides support for Gibson and Gregory’s theories - how?

A

Bruce et al (Instinctive behaviour) for example the frog just catches the fly - it’s unlikely to form a series of perceptual hypotheses

59
Q

What sort of technique do studies using fMRI machines utilise?

A

Correlational techniques

60
Q

What did Maundsell & McAdams study of monkeys suggest?

A

Neurons can be affected by a change in stimuli eg contract/orientation and also by changing attention

Bottom-up and top-down have the same affect at neuronal level

61
Q

Why are deficits eg agnosia, important to psychology?

A

Suggest that different processes must be controlled by different parts of the brain (one can fail without affecting the other)

62
Q

What sort of viewpoint do behavioural and biological data use in neuropsychology?

A

Analysed from an outsider viewpoint but traditionally insider viewpoint and introspection was used

63
Q

What causes change blindness?

A

Produced through routine filtering of information and failure to attend to all sensations received

64
Q

Why do different people have different perceptions?

A

Due to top-down processing even though they receive the same sensations

65
Q

What sort of viewpoint does the Muller-Lyer provide?

A

Insider data for exploration and ultimate explanation of perceptual phenomena

66
Q

Theme - What is required for sensation, attention and perception?

A

Biological structures and experience in the world

67
Q

What do phenomenological theory and top-down approaches indicate?

A

That perception is flexible in terms of motivation of perceiver, personal experience and prior knowledge

Psychology (6 decks)

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