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GI II Exam 1 > DSA: Acute Infectious Diarrhea > Flashcards

DSA: Acute Infectious Diarrhea Flashcards

1
Q

Acute infectious diarrhea is the of the most infectious causes of death in the world. Most patients die due to ________.

A

Dehydration

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2
Q

Etiologies of acute infectious diarrhea and Sx

A
  1. Bacterial toxins or bacteria that make enterotoxins
    • => small bowel hypersecretion
      • Abrupt profuse watery diarrhea and vomitting a few hours after ingestion
      • Fever: minimal to none
  2. Entero-adherent pathogens
    • More cramping and bloating and less vomitting
    • Fever: high
  3. Invasive microorganisms that make cytotoxins
    • Fever: high
    • Abdominal pain
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3
Q

How will a pathogen that affects the small bowel persent?

A
  • Large amounts of watery diarrhea + cramps that can lead to dehydration and malabsorption.
    • Cramos occur in mid-abdomen or are diffuse
  • No WBC in stool (non-inflammatory)
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4
Q

How will a pathogen that affects the large bowel present?

A
  • Frequent, small amounts of bloody stool (dysentary) due to inflammation + fever and fecal leukocytes.
    • ​Location: lower abdomen or rectum
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5
Q
  1. Enterotoxins (non- inflammatory) pathogens affect the ____________, causing _____ diarrhea.
  2. Inflammatory (invasive or cytotoxins) pathogens affect the __________, causing ______ diarrhea.
  3. Penetrating pathogens affect the __________, causing _________.
A
  1. Proximal SB; watery
  2. Distal SB or colon; dysentary or inflammatory diarrhea
  3. Distal SB; enteric fever
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6
Q

What do we see in stool findings for these pathogens?

  1. Non-inflammatory (enterotoxins)
  2. Inflammatory (invasive or cytotoxin)
  3. Penetrating
A
  1. No fecal leukocytes; mild or NO increase in fecal lactoferrin
  2. Fecal PNM leukocytes; increase in fecal lactoferrin
  3. Fecal mononuclear leukocytes
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7
Q

2 Penetrating Pathogens

A
  1. Salmonella Typi
  2. Y. Enterocolitica
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8
Q

High risk groups for acute infectious diarrhea

A
  1. Travels
  2. Immunodeficient people
  3. Daycare workers/bbs/family
  4. Instutionalized ppl (nursing home, hospitals)
  5. Consuming certain foods
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9
Q

Daycare workers/ bbs and families are more susceptible to

A
  1. Shigella
  2. Giardia
  3. Crytosporidium
  4. Rotavirus
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10
Q

PE for patients with acute infectious diarrhea

A
  1. Fever, hypotension, tachycardia
  2. Dehydration
  3. Increased bowel sound
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11
Q

Decreased or absent bowel sounds =>

A
  1. Post-op ileus
  2. Toxic megacolon
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12
Q

Signs of mild, moderate and severe dehydration

A

Mild:

  • Thirst, dry mouth, ↓ sweat / urine output and slight weight loss

Moderate

  • Orthostatic fall in blood pressure, skin tenting, sunken eyes (infants = sunken fontanelle)

Severe:

  • Lethargy, obtundation, feeble pulse, hypotension, frank shock
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13
Q

Acute Infectious Diarrhea

  • ________ transmission and most cases are ________.
A
  • Fecal - oral transmission
  • Mild and self-limited, thus, does not need work-up
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14
Q

1st thing to do when a patient presents with acute diarrhea, no matter if mild, moderate or severe is to ___________.

A

Fluid and electrolyte replacement

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15
Q

In acute Infectious Diarrhea, diarrhea is self-limited and does not need workup. However, what are a few indications for work-ups?

A
    1. Profuse diarrhea (6 or more times a day) with dehydration
    1. Fever above 101 (38.5), hypotension and tachycardia that does not respond to volume repletion
    1. Dysentary (bloody diarrhea with leukocytes)
    1. Recent ABX uses (check for c.diff)
    1. Creatinine is more than 1.5x baseline or peripheral leukocytes is more than 15,000.
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16
Q

What do you perform upon workup of Acute Infectious Diarrhea?

A
  • CBC, electrolytes, BUN/Cr, blood culture
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17
Q

______ is the cornerstone of diagnosing Acute Infectious Diarrhea.

A

Stool culture

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18
Q

Routine bacterial stool culture tests for

A
  1. Salmonella
  2. Shigella
  3. E. coli
  4. Campylobactor (most)
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19
Q

What stool bacterial cultures must be requested?

A
  1. Shiga-like toxin detection for 0157:H7 EHEC (enterohemorrhagic e.coli)
  2. Vibrio
  3. Yersenia
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20
Q

What other labs may you need to ask for?

A
  1. Stool immunoassay PCR/toxin for C.diff
  2. Ova and parasites
  3. Stool protzoa antigen (giardia, cyrptosporidium, E. histolytica)
  4. Stool viral PCR/antigen (rotavirus, Norwalk/norovirus)
  5. Fecal leukocytes (inflammtory causes)
  6. Fecal lactoferrin (enzyme in leukocytes => inflammatory)
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21
Q

In Acute Infectious Diarrhea, if stool studies are unrevealing, perform a _________.

A

Endoscopy

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22
Q

Radiology requests for Acute Infectious Diarrhea

A
  • Abdominal XR (plain)
    • detects free intraperitoneal air and checks for ileus/toxic megacolon
  • Abdominal CT with PO/IV contrast
    • More sensitive for free air and IDs colitis
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23
Q
  • Suspect food poisening in a patient when:
  • Routine testing?
A
  • Multiple illnesses are reproted after sharing food and in the summertime
  • Routine testing is NOT done
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24
Q

Consumption of chicken is most associated with

A
  1. Salmonella
  2. Campylobacter
  3. Shigells
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25
Q

Consumption of undercooked hambuger is most associated with

A
  1. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (O157:H7)
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26
Q

Consumption of fried rice is most associated with

A
  1. Bacillus cereus
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27
Q

Consumption of potato salad, mayo, cream pastries is most associated with

A
  1. Staph. aureus
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28
Q

Consumption of eggs is most associated with

A
  1. Salmonella
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29
Q

Consumption of lunch meats, uncooked foods or soft cheeses is most associated with

A
  1. Listeria
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30
Q

Consumption of seafood is most associated with

A
  1. Vibrio*, salmonella, acute HepA
  2. Norwalk and campylobacter
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31
Q

Staph Aureus:

  • Micro
  • Clinical case
  • Treatment
A
  • Micro
    • Gram (+) cocci (cluster of grapes) with preformed enterotoxins
  • Symptoms
    • Rapid onset (within 6 hours) of watery diarrhea and N/V after eating potato salad, mayo, cream pastries or eggs.
  • Treatment
    • Rapidly goes away (24-48 hours)
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32
Q

Bacillus Cerus

  • Micro
  • Clinical case
  • Treatment
A
  • Micro
    • Gram (+) rod with preformed toxins
  • Symptoms
    • Rapid onset (within 6 hours) with mainly vomitting and may cause watery diarrhea after eating fried rice.
  • Treatment
    • Rapidly goes away (24-48 hours)
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33
Q

Clostridium Perfringens

  • Micro
  • Clinical case
  • Treatment
A
  • Micro:
    • Gram (+) spore-forming rod with preformed enterotoxins
    • Heat resistant
  • Clinical case
    • Rapid onset (8-16) hours of watery diarrhea (no N/V) after eating large amounts of ham, beef, legumes, gravy (heat resistant spores)
  • Treatment
    • Rapidly goes away (24-28 hours)
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34
Q

Shigella

  • Micro
  • Clinical case
  • Treatment
A
  • Gram (-) rod with enteroxin shiga toxin; non-motile
  • Watery diarrhea => intense colitis with fever and dysentary (small bowels with blood + pus) after eating potato/egg salad, lettuce or raw veggies
  • Treat: ABX and lasts 7 days
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35
Q

How do we diagnose Shigella toxin?

A
  • (+) fecal leukocytes
  • Stool culture makes it hard to distinguish from IBD
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36
Q

Complications of Shigella

A
  1. Reative arthritis (cant see, cant pee, cant climb a tree)
    • Conjunctivitis, uretheritis, arthritis
  2. HUS
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37
Q

Salmonella typhimurium

  • Micro
  • Clinical case
  • Treatment
A
  • Gram (-) rod; motile and non-lactose fermenting that penetrates SI mucosa via M-cells over Peyers patches
  • Watery diarrhea => bloody diarrhea + fever, N/V after
    • Eating eggs/poultry,
    • Expsure to reptiles (turtles), ducks, birds
  • Treatment
    • Self limited (5-10 days) and DO NOT give ABX
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38
Q

Salmonella typhimurium

Risk factors

Complications

A
  • Risk factors:
    • Immunocompromised patients (SICKLE CELL and HIV)
  • Complications
    • Septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and abcesses
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39
Q

Salmonella typhi

  • Micro
  • Clinical case
  • Treatment
A
  • Gram (-) rod; aerobic that penetrate the mucosa travese intestinal epithelium through M cells over Peyers patches
  • 7-14 days eating ingestion, patients will get Typhoid fever (2 sympomtic phase seperated by asymptomatic phase) after international travel or poor sanitation
    • Sustained fever (103-4) +
    • Rose colored maculopapular rash +
    • [Pea-soup foul diarrhea] => bloody diarrhea and if lumen is too inflamed, constipation
      *
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40
Q

Salmonella typhi

  • Othher associated symptoms
  • Death most commonly dt:
A
  • Encephalopthy, splenomegaly, bradycardia and dicrotic pulse
  • Intestinal hemorrhage
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41
Q

Salmonella typhi

  • Dx
A
  1. Stool culture to test for salmonella typi
  2. Blood culture (90% + when febrile)
  3. Fecal leukocytes (+)
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42
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

  • Micro
  • Clinical case
  • Treatment
A
  • Gram (-) spiral rod; oxidase (+) with flagella that lives in wild birds
  • Watery => blood diarrhea + fever + erythema nodusum that occurs after eating undercooked poultry or dairy
  • Self limited; no ABX
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43
Q

Camplylobacter jejuni

  • Dx
  • Complications
A
  • Dx:
    • Stool culture (bc hard to culture, need campy blood agar)
    • (+) fecal leukocytes
  • Complications
    • ​Guillian Barre syndrome
    • Reactive arthritis
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44
Q

Vibrio cholerae

  • Micro
  • Clinical
  • Treatment
A
  • Gram (-) baccili (comma) that produces toxin; anaerobic + flagells
  • Profuse watery diarrhea and vomitting => dehdration (electrolyte imbalance) that can lead to hypotension => renal failure and death and lasts 1 week
    • Saltwater illness when eating raw seatfood and MC in underdeveloped nations
  • Rehdration/electrolyte replacement + vaccination
45
Q

Vibrio cholera Diagnosis

A
  1. Stool microscopy for curved gram (-) rods
  2. Gram stain of stool
46
Q

Vibrio Parahemolyticus

  1. ​Micro
  2. Clinical
  3. Tx
A
  • Gram (-) baccili that produces toxins
  • Watery => bloody diarrhea in colon + N/V/cramps after eating seafood (shellfish)
47
Q

Vibrio Vulnificus

​___________ bacteria that causes D/V + pain 16 hours after ingestion in patients with _________, causing:

A
  • Gram (-) bacillus
  • Open wounds in costal salt water or eating oysters
  • Bullous skin lesions
48
Q

Vibrio Vulnificus is lifethreating in ________ patients

A

Immunocompromised patients (esp those with cirrhosis)

49
Q

Saltwater illnesses

A
  1. Vibrio cholerae
  2. Vibro vulnificus
50
Q

Freshwater illnesses

A

1. Aeromonas Hydrophila

51
Q

___________ flesh-eating bacteria that produces cholera-like diarrhea or bloody stool in patients with open ankle/foot wounds in freshwater or eat fish/shellfish

A
  • Aeromonas Hydrophila: Gram (-) non-spore forming rod that is mobile
    *
52
Q

Wounded patients in freshwater with flesh eating Aeromonas Hydrophil can get what complications?

A
  1. Necrotizing fascitis (flesh eating bacteria)
  2. Can cause gastroenteritis in scuba divers who drink a lil
53
Q

Travelers diarrhea causes watery diarrhea in travelors to ______ countries. Symptoms begin ______ after travel and last _______. Risk factors include:

A
  • Developing countries
  • 3-5 days
  • 1-5 days
  • H2/PPI use => lowers pH
54
Q

_______ is the most common pathogen for travelers diarrhea (TD), affecting the _______ after ingestion of contaminated _______.

A
  • ETEC: enterotoxogenic E.coli
  • SI
  • Water, salads, meats and cheeses
55
Q

Other bacterial causes of TD

A
  1. C. jejuni (asia
  2. Salmonella
  3. Shigells
  4. Aeormonas
  5. EAEX
  6. Norovirus and coronavirus
56
Q

______ is a cause of travelors diarrhea that occurs in vistors to Russia or campers, backpackers in wildness.

A

Giardia-assocaited diarrhea

57
Q

_______ is a type of TD often occuring on cruise ships.

A

Norovirus

58
Q

Enterotoxigenic: ETEC (E.coli) is a ___________ bacteria that causes _____ diarrhea and what is unique about diagnosing?

A
  • Gram (-) rod = SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT AGENT FOR TD
  • Watery diarrhea (& occasional fever)
  • Must be diagnosed clinically: stool cultures do not differentiate beteen ETEC and other E.coli in normal colon.
    • (-) fecal leukocytes
59
Q
  • What is the gram (-) rod that produces Shiga-like toxin?
A
  • E. Coli O157:H7 (Enterohemorrhagic: EHEC)
    • AKA: STEC (Shiga-toxin producing E.Coli)
60
Q

____________ is the most common cause of acute hemorrhagic colitis.

A

E. Coli O157:H7 (Enterohemorrhagic: EHEC)

61
Q

E. Coli O157:H7 (Enterohemorrhagic: EHEC) causes ___________ after ingestion of ________.

A
  1. Watery => bloody diarrhea that can cause ischemic colitis
  2. No fever
  • Under-cooked hamburger
62
Q

Diagnosis of E. Coli O157:H7 (Enterohemorrhagic: EHEC)

A
  1. CBC: peripheral leukocytes, aneumia and thrombocytpenia
    • fecal leukocytes
    • fecal lactoferrin
  4. Stool culture: Shiga-like toxin
63
Q

Complications E. Coli O157:H7 (Enterohemorrhagic: EHEC)

Treatment of E. Coli O157:H7 (Enterohemorrhagic: EHEC)

A
  1. Complications:
    1. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS): which is more common in kids and if treated with ABX
    2. Thrombocytopenia
    3. Renal insufficiency
  2. Tx: supportive, rehydration ABX only in severe cases bc can increase risk of HUS
64
Q

What type of e.coli causes fever, abdmoinal pain and water=> dysentary (bloody diarhea with leukocytes)

A

EIEC (Enteroinvasive E.coli)

65
Q

Name the bacteria

Gram (-) coccobaccili that causes bloody diarrhea + pharyngitis + right sided abdominal pain that mimic appendicitis/ Crohns because infects terminal ileum.

A

Yersinia enterocolitica

66
Q

Diagnosis of Yersinia enterocolitica

What increases risk of contraction?

A
  1. Stool/blood cultures with + fecal leukocytes
  2. Problems with iron metabolism
    1. Hemochromatosis
    2. Cirrhosis
    3. Iron-overload syndromes
    4. Aplastic anemia
    5. Thalassemia
67
Q

Yersenia entercolitica is clinically indistinguishable from ____________.

Complications inclue ____________.

A
  • Salmonella or shigella
  • Reactive arthritis and erythema nodosum
68
Q

Name that bacteria

  • Causes non-bloody diarrhea + fever, most often pregnant patients after eating unpasterized dairy or deli meats.
  • How it is Dx?
A
  • Listeria monocytogenes (Gram + rod)
  • Blood culture or CSF bc does not grow on routine stool culture.
69
Q

Name that bacteria:

Rare multi-system disease that affects white men in 40-60s. Diagnosed with endoscopy with duodenal biopsy, we see PAS (+ MO with bacillus).

A
  • Tropheryma Whipplei (Gram + baccilus, NOT acid fast)
70
Q

Tropheryma Whipplei

How do we diagnose?

If untreated?

A
  • ABX that do not cross BBB because it affects many systems, including CNS.
  • Fatal
71
Q

Name that bacteria

Produces cytotoxins that cause watery diarrhea + fever + pseudomembranes on colonic mucosa.

Diagnosis?

A

C. Diff (Gram + baccilis; anaerobic spore-forming)

Dx:

  • Stool assay- PCR: toxin A and B
  • + peripheral leukocytes
72
Q

Risk factors and Treatment/Prevention and complication for C.Diff

A
  • RF:
    • ABX (clindamyocin, cephalosporin, fluoroquinolones)
  • Treatment and prevention
    • Wash hands with soap and water bc germ-ex does not kill
    • PO/IV metronidazole
    • PO vanocymocin
  • Complication
    • Toxic megacolon
73
Q

When diagnosing nosocomial infections, infections most commonly received in hospital or longerterm care facilities, what test is NOT helpful?

A

Stool cultures, except for C.Diff

74
Q

2 most common nosocomial infections

A
  1. C. Diff
  2. Norovirus - nursing homes
75
Q

Name that virus

  • Virus that is the most common cause of acute diarrhea infants (< 2 YO), especially in the WINTER; causing vomitting and watery diarrhea (-> severe dehydration).
  • How is it diagnosed?
A
  • Rotavirus (dsRNA virus)
  • Viral culture or PCR
  • On EM: Wagon wheel appearance
76
Q

2nd most common cause of GE in children

Sx:

A
  • Adenovirus (40 & 41); dsDNA virus
    • Watery diarrhea + fever (103, 104) + conjunctivitis + pharyngitis
77
Q

Virus

Virus transmitted fecal-orally when there is an outbreak in nursing homes, daycares, schools or cruise ships that causes vomitting and watery diarrhea.

Dx?

A
  • Norwalk virus (norovirus) : small non-enveloped RNA virus
  • Dx
    • Routine viral cultures are unrevealing and sxs only last 24-48 hours so workup is NECESSARY.
78
Q

Which virus that causes bloody diarrhea occurs primarily in immuncompromised patients (AIDS and organ transplant with a CD4 count <200)?

Diagnose?

A
  • CMV (herepesvirus; dsDNA linear)
  • Endoscopy with biopsy of ulcerated lesions using CMV specific stains.
79
Q

What is the most common cause of dysentary in the WORLD?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

80
Q

Entamoeba histolytica is the most common cause of dystentary in the world.

  • Complications
  • Dx?
A
  • Complications
    1. Can penetrate bowel => portal ciruclation and cause liver abcesses (brain and lung)
    2. Toxic megacolon
    3. Pneumatosis coli
  • Dx
    • ​Histology: flask shaped
    • Stool for ova & parasite
    • Stool antigen (PCR for DNA)
81
Q

Entamoeba occurs most often where?

A

Endemic areas: Asia, Africa, Central/South America

82
Q

Protozoa contracted from lakes or streams when hiking/camping/Russia causes persistant watery diarrhea/steatorhea that is maladorous

  • Who is more susceptible?
  • Dx?
A
  1. Giardia lamblia: pear-shaped, 4 flagella and 2 nuclei protozoan (trophozoites)
  2. IgA deficiency
  3. Dx:
    1. (-) fecal leukocytes
    2. Check stool for: ova parasites and antigens detection
83
Q

Protozoa contracted from swimming pools (resistant to chlorine) that causes large volumes of watery diarrhea (>20 L/day) that is self-limited in immunocompetant patients, but life threatning in immunosupressed.

  • Diagnosis?
  • Treatment in immunocompetant?
A
  • Cryptosporidium parvum
  • Dx
    1. Stool antigen detection or direct microscopy
    2. DFA (direct fluorecent antibody), which is modified fast staining
  • Tx:
    • Supportive care (hydration), loperamide, nitrazoxanide
84
Q

Parasite that enters through exposed skin (bare feet on contaminated soil) and often asymptomatic.

  • Who is more likely to get?
  • Diagnosis
A
  • Strongyloides stercoralis (nematode: roundworm)
  • HTLV-1 (Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus- 1)
  • Dx
    • Rhabditiform larva and eosinophils in stool
85
Q

Parasite found in produce (lettuce, basil, raspberries) from endemic areasd that causes watery diarrhea, lasting up to 21 days in immunocompetant but FOREVER in immunosupressed.

  • What is unlikely to kill this?
  • Dx?
A
  • Cyclospora cayetanensis
  • Chlorine or iodine does not kill it
  • Dx
    • Oocysts in stool
86
Q

Parasite that caues non-bloody diarrhea, lasting up for weeks and causing malabsorption and WL. In immunosupressed/infants/children => diarrhea can be severe. Upon diagnosis, we see eosinophilia and we need to repeat stool exams and concentration procedures.

What is this?

What happens if stool exam is (-)

A
  • Cystoisospora belli
  • If (-), biopsy duodenal specimens
  • Oocysts can be seen on modified acid fast stain.
87
Q

Hookworm/whipworm transmited fecal-orally (ingesting eggs in soil). They can get REAL long and cause bowel obstruction.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

88
Q

Fish tapeworm in raw/undercooked fish that can cause vit B12 defieincy=> pernicous anemia and neuro symptoms.

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

89
Q

2nd most common cause of esophageal varices, behind alcohol in Africa that we get from containated freshwater snails.

Leads to and treatment?

A
  • Schistosoma mansoni
  • Bloody stool, bladder cancer and liver cysts
  • Tx: praziquentel
90
Q

_______ pork tape worm.

________ beef tape worm.

Sxs

A
  • Taenia solium => pork
    • Mostly asymptomatic; rare cases get seizures (cysticercosis)
  • Taenia saginata => beef
    • Mostly asympomatic
91
Q

Tapworm contracted when sheep are slaughtered unsatirily.

How do we get?

Leads to?

CT?

A
  • Echinococcus granulosus
  • Fecal oraly: Dogs are carriers => pet dogs
  • Cysts in lungs/liver
  • CT:
    • Free-flowing hyatid sand
92
Q

Pinworm that we contract fecal-orally, leading to peri-anal itching that can be diagnosed by scotch tape. Treated with______.

A

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

93
Q

How can we prevent pinworm infection?

A
  1. Wash hands
  2. Cut nails
  3. Tell kids dont scratch ass
  4. Change and wash
  5. Do not shake towels or sheeds
  6. Vaccum/mop floor
  7. Disinfect bc can survive 3 weeks
94
Q

Main forms of treatment for Acute infections Diarrhea

A
  1. Hydration (PO/IV)
  2. Maintain electrolytes
  3. ABX not required unless stated
  4. Anti-motility agents in patients with NO fever and NON-bloody stools
95
Q

Anti-motility agents should NOT be used in what 2 pathogens?

A
  1. C. diff
  2. EHEC
96
Q

__________ is used to prophylax and prevent acute infectious diarrhea.

A

Wash hands with soap

97
Q

Alcohol gels are INEFFECTIVE against (2)

A
  1. C. Diff
  2. Norovirus
98
Q

__________ is used to prophylax and prevent acute infectious diarrhea in travelors.

A
  1. Bismuth subsalicylate can reduce frequency, but can cause poops/tongue to be dark
  2. Antibiotic prophlaxis (PPX) in indicated patients
99
Q

Taking PPX with _______ is NOT recommended.

A

ABX

100
Q

Patient has reactive arthritis (artheritis, uretheritis and conjunctivitis). What is your DDX?

A
  1. Salmonella
  2. Campylobacter
  3. Shigella
  4. Yersenia
101
Q

Patient has Guillian-Barre Syndrome. What is your DDX?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

102
Q

Yersinosis can lead to what?

A
  1. AI type thyroiditis
  2. Pericarditis
  3. Glomerulonephritis
103
Q

Patient has HUS. What is your DDX?

A
  1. Enterohemorrahge E. coli (O157:H7)
  2. Shigella
104
Q

What pathogens typically affect Large Bowel?

A
  1. Campylobacter
  2. Salmonella
  3. Shigella
  4. Yersinia
  5. EIEC, EHEC
  6. C.Diff
  7. Vibrio parahaemo
  8. E. Histolytica
  9. CMV
  10. Adenovirus
  11. HSV
105
Q

What pathogens affect small bowel?

A
  1. Salmonella,
  2. Vibrio cholerae,
  3. ETEC, EPEC,
  4. Yersinia,
  5. Rotavirus, Norovirus, CMV, Adenovirus,
  6. Giardia,
  7. Cryptosporidium,
  8. Cyclospora,
  9. Clostridium perfringens,
  10. Staph aureus,
  11. Bacilliscereus
106
Q

Ppl wih hemochromatosis are prone to invasive, fatal, enteric infections, such as

A
    1. Vibrio species
    1. Listeria
    1. Yersinia
107
Q

Patients with AIDS are prone to enteric pathogens that causes more severe and protracted diarrhea. What opportunitistic infecitons, viruses and protozoa are they?

A
  • Opportunistis infections (Mycobacterium)
  • Viruses
    • CMV, Adenovirus, HSV
  • Protozoa
    • Cryptosporidium, Cystoisosporabelli, Microsporida, and Blastocystishominis
108
Q
A

GI II Exam 1 (19 decks)

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