Drugs + antibiotics

Question 1

What drugs are used to treat malaria?

Answer 1

• IV/IM artesunate with doxycycline or quinine
• Primaquine for liver dormant malarias

Question 2

What drugs are used to treat legionnaire’s disease?

Answer 2

Clarithromycin
Fluoroquinolones

Question 3

What drugs are used to treat cystitis?

Answer 3

Nitrofurantoin
Trimethoprim

Question 4

What drugs are used to treat thrush?

Answer 4

Clotrimazole
Nyastin

Question 5

What drugs are used cellulitis?

Answer 5

• Oral flucloxacillin - beta lactam - inhibits cell wall synthesis
• doxycycline if penicillin allergy
• Severe - IV co.amoxiclav

Question 6

What drug are used to treat pneumonia?

Answer 6

• Mild + moderate amoxicillin (doxycycline if allergic)
• severe: co-amoxiclav

Question 7

What drugs are used to treat meningitis?

Answer 7

IV Ceftriaxone / benzylpenicillin
Cephalosporins

Question 8

What drug is used to treat shingles?

Answer 8

Acyclovir

Question 9

What drug is used to treat MRSA?

Answer 9

Vancomycin

Question 10

What drugs are used to treat Clostridioides difficle?

Answer 10

Metronidazole
Vancomycin

Question 11

What drug is used to treat endocarditis?

Answer 11

Amoxicillin

Question 12

What drugs are used to treat typhoid fever?

Answer 12

Ceftriaxone
Azithromycin

Question 13

What drugs are used to treat schistosomiasis?

Answer 13

Oral corticosteroids to reduce inflammation (acute)
Praziquantel

Question 14

What drugs are used to treat TB?

Question 15

What does it mean if a antibiotic is bactericidal vs bacteriostatic?

Answer 15

• bactericidal: kills the bacteria
• bacteriostatic: stops bacteria from growing

Question 16

Mechanism of action of beta lactams (examples)

Answer 16

inhibit cell wall synthesis
- penicillin
- carbapenems e.g. meropenem
- cephalosporins e.g. cefalexin, ceftriaxone

Question 17

Mechanism of action of glycopeptides (examples)

Answer 17

inhibit cell wall synthesis
- vancomycin
- teicoplanin

Question 18

What types of antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis + examples)?

Answer 18

• beta lactams: penicillin, carbapenems, cephalosporins
• glycopeptides: vancomycin, teicoplanin

Question 19

What antibiotics inhibit folic acid metabolism and how?

Answer 19

• sulfamethozale: inhibits converstion on PABA to DHFA
• trimethoprim: inhibits conversion of DHFA to THFA
• co-trimoxazole is a combination of both
  .
• para-aminobenzoic acid > dihydrofolic acid > tetrahydrofolic acid > folic acid

Question 20

What antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis + examples?

Answer 20

• macrolides (50s): erythromycin, clarithromycin
• tetracyclines (30s): doxycycline
• aminoglycosides(30s): gentamicin

Question 21

What antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis + how?

Answer 21

• quinolones: ciprofloxacin - inhibit DNA gyrase
• trimethoprim: inhibit conversion of DHFA > THFA
• rifampicin: inhibits RNA polymerase

Question 22

Stepwise process of escalating antibiotic treatments in hospital + what bacteria it covers

Answer 22

• start with amoxicillin: streptococci, listeria + enterococci
• switch to *co-amoxiclav to additionally cover staphylococci, haemophilus + E.coli
• switch to piperacillin with tazocin to additionally cover pseudomonas
• switch to meropenem to additionally cover ESBLs
• add vancomycin or teicoplanin to cover MRSA
• add clarithromycin or doxycycline to cover atypical bacteria

Question 23

What drugs are good for gram positive bacteria?

Answer 23

• amoxicillin
• co-amoxiclav (+ gram negative)
• clarithromycin
• clindamycin
• doxycycline
• vancomycin

Question 24

What drugs are good for gram negative bacteria?

Answer 24

• gentamicin
• ciprofloxacin

Question 25

What is the mechanism of action of metronidazole?
What does it work against?

Answer 25

• produces free radicals that damages DNA > cell death
• antibacterial + antiprotozoal
• active against anaerobic bacteria