Drugs And Receptors

Question 1

Where are targets normally found on the cell?

Answer 1

Plasma membrane

Question 2

How do drugs acting on receptors effect the cell?

Answer 2

Binds cause change in the cell properties

Question 3

How do drugs have a effect on ion channels ?

Answer 3

May cause channel to open or close this allowing or stoping ion, this changes the electrical activity of the cell

Question 4

How do drugs work ?

Answer 4

By binding to a part of a cell or tissue to produce a response.

Question 5

How do drugs have a effect on carrier molecules?

Answer 5

They interact to increase or decrease the uptake of a substance

Question 6

How do drugs have a effect on enzymes?

Answer 6

Can bind and either inhibit or act as a similar to the substrate and therefore either increase or decrease the rate of reaction

Question 7

How do drugs have a effect on DNA?

Answer 7

They affect transcription, which produces transpiration and ultimately proteins, so can increase or decrease the synthesis of a protein by a cell !

Question 8

Name 5 other target of drugs ?

Answer 8

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Helminths
Amaebae

Question 9

Define agonists

Answer 9

Bind to receptors causing a response, often mimics chemicals in the body !

Question 10

Define antagonists?

Answer 10

Bind to receptors and stop other chemical from producing a response

Question 11

Explain the second messenger effects ?

Answer 11

Drug binds to receptors
Activates 2nd messenger
Cascade of enzyme reactions
Response

Question 12

Does nuclear receptors have to be lipid soluble or not ?

Answer 12

Has to be lipid soluble in order to cross the membrane

Question 13

What must a drugs do to enter the nucleus ?

Answer 13

They must attach to a receptor in the cytoplasm which allows them to enter the nucleus !

Question 14

Name 5 responses to of cells to drugs ?

Answer 14

Contraction 
Secretion 
Excitation 
Inhibition 
Interruption of cell cycle

Question 15

Define potency ?

Answer 15

How much of a drug is needed to produce a certain response

Question 16

If a medication had high potency, would this mean you need a small or larger dose?

Answer 16

Smaller

Question 17

In order to release a new drug company must go through 3 sets of trials what are these ?

Answer 17

Animal models (vitro and Vivo)
Cloned receptors
Clinical trails

Question 18

What do you need to find out about the drugs during trials ?

Answer 18

If it’s safe for patient, safe for offspring, how it works,how much is needed and what are the side effects ?

Question 19

Name an example of a drug that binds to enzymes and explain mechanism?

Answer 19

Aspirin, works by blocking cyclo-oxygenate enzyme, which is responsible for producing prostaglandins, which causes inflammation

Question 20

Name an example of a drug that binds to receptors and explain mechanism?

Answer 20

Salbutamol is a B-agonist which works on B receptors as it has a similar structure to adrenaline which causes the airways to widen

Question 21

Name an example of a drug that binds to ion channels and explain mechanism?

Answer 21

Local anaesthetic work by blocking sodium channels, sodium is necessary for transmitting nerve impulses.

Question 22

Name an 2 examples of a drug that binds to carrier molecules and explain mechanism?

Answer 22

Omeprazole, is a proton (H+) pump inhibitors which acts in the stomach to reduce the secretion of acid, used in treatment of stomach ulcers and heartburn.

Cocaine, inhibits uptake of noradrenaline causing it to remain in the synapse and causing the brain to be excited.

Question 23

Name an example of a drug that binds to DNA and explain mechanism?

Answer 23

Hydrocortisone which is a steroid, which binds to DNA, reducing the production of proteins which would normally cause inflammation. Used to suppress immune response

Question 24

Name 2 examples of a drugs that binds to foreign proteins and explain mechanism?

Answer 24

Penicillin is an antibiotic and works by weakening the cell wall of certain bacteria, causing them to stop growing and die.

Ketoconazole is an anti-fungal agent which blocks the production of ergosterol which forms part of membrane resulting the holes forming which cell content leak out of !