Drugs And Nervous System Flashcards
Name 2 inhibitory neurotransmitters?
GABA
Glycine
Do general anaesthetics work on the CNS or the PNS?
CNS
General anaesthetic are given by _______ and ________ and and used to promote what ??
Inhalation and intravenous
Analgesia, unconsciousness, amnesia, loss of reflexes
Explain the positives and negatives of the phases of anaesthesia (maintenance and induction)
Induction + quick - Lack of control
Maintenance + controllable - clostrophobic
Name the 4 stages of local anaesthesia
Analgesia
Excitement
Surgical anaesthesia, loss of reflexes
Medullary paralysis, Lord of respiratory control
Nitrous oxide is used in _______ and normally in combination, it is a ______ analgesic and must be given with _______. Long term low levels may damage foetus.
Maintance , potent, foetus
Other inhaled anaesthetics apart from nitrous oxide end in what ??
Flurone
Eg Isoflurone, desflurone, sevoflurone.
Propofol is a ___________ ________and a ___________That has rapid ______ and _______ without hangover. May cause convulsions or anaphylaxis.
Intravenous anaesthetic, Non-barbiturate, action, recovery
Thiopental is what type of general intravenous anaesthetic?
Barbiturate, useful for brief procedures
Etomidate and ketamine are other intravenous drugs. Why would they be used ?
Etomidate has no hangover effect, less hypotension but muscle movements (not used in maintenance)
Ketamine - used for shocked patients, bad dreams and hallucinations
Name the types of drugs used in surgery
Anxiolytics Hypnotics - Benzodiazepines Neuroleptic and anti-emetic Analgesic Antihistamines Anticholinergics
Benzodiazepines can be given by which routes and end in what ?
Oral, IV, IM, rectal and end in pam
Eg? Midazolam, temazepam, diazepam
Benzodiazepines cause …
Amnesia, have no analgesic effects and may cause hypotension or constipation
Benzodiazepines work by ?
Increasing GABA, which blocks receptors on post synaptic cell, therefore action potential cannot be propagated
Name the disadvantages of hypnotics ( benzodiazepines )
Can lead to dependency, cause respiratory depression, benzodiazepines interact with alcohol, can cross placenta
Neuromuscular blocking drugs work by ? And are good for ?
Blocking transition to motor nerves.
When don’t need deep anaesthesia and causes vocal cords to relax which allows insertion tracheal tube and requires assisted respiration
Non depolarising blockers work by ? Examples ?
Competing with Ach for nicotine receptors at NMJ
Atracurium- rapid short
Pancuronium- longer lasting
Name 5 excitatory neurotransmitters?
Noradrenaline Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamate
Depolarising blockers work by ? And example
Mimicking Ach which causes sustained depolarisation of muscle, short lasting eg suxomethonium
Narcotic (opioid) analgesic causes ?
Act on CNS to relieve pain, cause euphoria post opp, but may also cause nausea, reducers breathing rate, small risk of addiction
Local anaesthesia work by blocking what ? When are they used ?
Sodium channels to block transmission of nerve impulses carrying pain signals to the brain. Used in minor surgery
Name the two administration methods for local anaesthetics ?
Epidural- injection into the epidural space (effects nerve roots)
Intradermal - relives minor pain
Name 2 commonly used local anaesthetics and there used ?
Lidocaine- dental surgery
Prilocaine- mixed with lidocaine in cream for surface anaesthesia
Side effects of local anaesthetics
Abnormal HR
Restlessness
Convulsions
