Drugs Affecting Blood Flashcards
Hematinics
Increase biosynthesis of Hb
Vitamin B12/ complexes, Folic acid, Iron, copper, cobalt
Microcytic Anemia
Iron deficiency anemia of baby pigs
Protein deficiency in diet
Copper deficiency
Macrocytic anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Cobalt deficiency in ruminants
Vitamin B12: Cobalamine
Acquired from diet (meats) and GIT microbes (large intestine)
Needed for DNA synthesis
Cobalamine formulations
Pure cyanocobalamin- synthetic form (oral, inj or nasal spray)
Hydroxycobalamine: IM/ IV for severe deficiencies
Intracellular forms (methyl and adenosylcobaminine)
Feline B12 deficiency effects
Irritable bowel syndrome and pancreatic insufficiency
Erythropoietin (EPO/ rhEPO)
Endogenous glycoprotein hormone
Source: liver and kidney cells
Precautions: cases of hypertension
Epoetin alfa uses
IV/SC- dogs and cats with renal disease/ chronic anemia (decreased EPO)
Iron therapy
Corrects physical symptoms and decreased Hb levels
Used when dogs/cats on erythropoietin or darbepoetin therapy
Indicated by blood loss
Toxic effect: microcytic hypochromic anemia
Ferrous sulfate
Oral iron preparation (tablets or drops)
Replenishes Fe stores
Iron Dextran
Parenteral prep of Fe
IM: treat prophylaxis of iron deficiency in neonatal food animals
Dogs, cats and swine
4 types of coagulation modifers
Anticoagulants
Hemostatics
Thrombolytics/ fibrolytics
Antiplatelet agents
Anticoagulants
Prevent venous and arterial clot formation
Inhibits specific clotting factors
Drug: heparin, Vit. K antagonist (coumarin)
Hemostatics
Promote clot stability
Inhibits fibrin destruction
Drug: topical agents, vitamin K, desmopressin acetate, protamine
Thrombolytics/ fibrinolytics
Removal of existing clot
Dissolution of fibrin clot by drug action
Antiplatelet Agents
Prevents arterial clot formation
Inhibition of platelet actions
Drugs: Clopidogrel, Ticlopidine, Dipyrimadole, Aspirin
Acid citrate dextrose (ACD)
Blood transfusions: anticoagulant
Maintains high levels of erythrocytes post-transfusion (20 days in dogs)
Heparin LMW
Molecular weight: 5,000
Safe: only binds to AT- inhibits Xa, less IIa
Heparin clinical uses
Management of DIC
Arterial thrombi in cats
Low dose to decrease complication of HW adulticide treatment
Pulmonary thromboembolism
Heparin adverse effects
Transient thrombocytopenia, hypersensitivity, hemorrhage and anaphylaxis
Contraindicated heparin
Bleeding disorders, severe hypertension
Recent trauma (intra-cranial hemorrhage)
Bacterial endocarditis
Reversal agent of Heparin
Protamine sulfate, IV
Dicumoarol and Warfarin
Vit. K antagonists/ Courmarin derivatives
Inhibits synthesis of Vit. K- dependent clotting factors
Reversed with IV/PO Vit. K
Dicumoarol and Warfarin uses
Main: rodenticides
Rarely used in cats for thromboembolism
Thromboplastin (TH)
Promotes prothrombin to thrombin conversion
Local hemostatic, measure PT time
Thrombin (TH)
Promotes fibrinogen to fibrin conversion
Controls bleeding
Adhesive skin graft
Fibrinogen
Converted by thrombin to fibrin
Skin graft adhesive
Restores norm. plasma fibrinogen
Fibrin foam (TH)
Applied directly with pressure to stop hemorrhage
Absorbable Gelatin Sponge (TH)
Soaked in thrombin and absorbs bleeding after closing operating wounds
Used in capillary or venous bleeding
Microcrystalline collagen (TH)
Adheres to wet surfaces
Controls hemostasis or venoarterial anastomosis or surgery of spleen and liver
Epinephrine and NE (TH)
Local control of bleeding from small vessels
Styptics (TH)
Oldest blood clotting drugs
Ex: ferric sulphate, alum, tannic acids, zince chloride
Oxidized Cellulose (TH)
Aids in coagulation between Hb and celluosic acid forming the gummy matrix for clot formation
Vitamin K
Systemic hemostatic drug
Treats vit. K antagonist rodenticide intoxication
Aids in production of clotting factors
3 forms of Vitamin K
K1- Phytonadione (plant)
K2- Menaquinone (microorganisms)
K3- Menadione (Synthetic)
How vit. K given
Orally and SC
Why shouldn’t you give Vit. K in other ways
IM: fatal hemorrhage
IV: anaphylactic rx
What does vit. K do in birds?
Coccidiosis treatment by sulfonamides by destroying intestinal microorganisms
What does vit. K do in pigs
Treat low levels of vit. K with in swine porcine hemorrhagic syndrome in weaned pigs
What does vit. K do in cats?
Treats heredity vit. K deficiency in Devon Rex Cats
Desmopressin Acetate (SH)
Controls bleedings in animals with low Wilebrand factor (dobermans, shepherds, pinschers, retrievers)
Given SC
Protamine (SH)
Neutralizes acidic heparin
Treats heparin overdosing
Derived sperm of salmon
How are antiplatelet agents used clinically?
Prevent thrombotic diseases
Prevents thrombi (feline cardiomyopathy)
Reduce pulmonary endateritis (HW disease)
Laminitis and naviculae disease in horses
Aspirin/ Acetyl salicylic acid
NSAID, inhibition of primary hemostasis and thromboxane syntheisis in platelets
Prevents platelet aggregation
What does aspirin do at low doses?
Anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant:
1.DIC
2. Pulmonary arterial disease secondary to heart worm infestation
3. Cardiomyopathy in cats
4. Adjunctive treatment of glomerular disease
