DRUGS ACTION ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards
a complex network collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body
Nervous System
When neurons communicate with their target tissues at synapses, they release a chemical substance called ___________
Neurotransmitters (ligands)
As this communication is mediated with chemical substances, the process is called ____________ and happens within chemical synapses.
Chemical neurotransmission
Moods and emotions flow through the various thoughts, feelings and actions of individuals which are communicated throughout the ___________ by chemical neurotransmitters.
Central nervous system
What are the major neurotransmitters?
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
It activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and enhances the effects of the action potential
Excitatory neurotransmitters
It prevents an action potential
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
most powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter
GAMA-AMINOBUTYRIC (GABA)
It has been found to be intimately involved in emotion and mood
SEROTONIN
When GABA is abnormally low this can lead to ________
Anxiety
Reduce neuronal excitability
GAMA-AMINOBUTYRIC (GABA)
A special type of neurotransmitter because its effects are both excitatory and inhibitory
Dopamine
Insufficient secretion of serotonin may result in decreased immune system function, as well as a range of emotional disorders like
depression
anger control problems
obsessive-compulsive disorder
even suicidal tendencies
Regulates sleep, wakefulness and mood as well as the delusions, hallucinations and withdrawal of schizophrenia
Serotonin
It is a neurotransmitter secreted by the neurons of the substantia nigra
Dopamine
It regulates the body temperature, perception of pain, emotion, and sleep cycles
Serotonin
Inhibit unnecessary movements, inhibits the release of prolactin, and stimulated the secretion of growth hormone
Dopamine
Drugs and alcohol abuse can temporarily increase dopamine level in the blood, leading to ______ and ________
Confusion and inability to focus
NOREPINEPHERINE (NE) is also known as _____
Noradrenaline (Nad)
Increase the level of alertness and wakefulness, stimulates various process of the body
Norepinephrine
Implicated in mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, in which case its concentration in the body is very low
Norepinephrine
Its main function is to stimulate muscle contraction Plays a role in sleep and wakefulness
ACETYLCHOLINE
It is associated with control of arousal, attention, vigilance, mood, affect, and anxiety
Norepinephrine
It is a excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by neurons that innervate muscle cells, basal ganglia, preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system, and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
ACETYLCHOLINE
Abnormally high concentrations of norepinephrine may lead to ________
Impaired sleep cycle
Involved with thinking, planning, and interpreting
Norepinephrine
Results from dopamine deficiency
Parkinson’s Disease
involved in regulation of cognition, emotional responses and motivation
Dopamine containing neurons
Are group of mental illnesses that cause constant and overwhelming anxiety and fear
Anxiety Disorder
State of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness that stems from anticipation of danger the source of which is largely unknown or unrecognized
Anxiety
It’s your brain’s way of reacting to stress and alerting your potential danger ahead
Anxiety
WHAT ARE THE TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF ANXIETY?
Primary Anxiety
Secondary Anxiety
The cause is not by medical condition or drugs
Primary Anxiety
The cause is related to selected drugs, medical, or psychiatric disorders
Secondary Anxiety
What are the types of Anxiety Disorder?
SITUATIONAL ANXIETY
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
PANIC DISORDER
PHOBIAS
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)
Fearful feelings attached to situations or objects
Phobias
Fear of crowds
Social Anxiety
Common phobias include _________
fear of snakes, spiders, crowds or height
A type of situational anxiety that develops in response to re-experiencing a previous life event
PTSD
Difficult to control, your excessive anxiety, unrealistic worry and tension with little or no reason that lasts 6 months or more
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Most common type of stress
GAD
Characterized by intense feelings of immediate apprehension, fearfulness, terror or impending doom accompanied by increased autonomic nervous system activities that brings panic attack
Panic dosorder
During panic attack, you may break out in sweat, have chest pain, and have a pounding heartbeat (palpitations) that will last less than _______
10 mins
Symptoms include: restlessness, fatigue, muscle tension, nervousness, inability to focus or concentrate, and sleep disturbance
GAD
Anxiety experienced by people faced with a stressful environment
Situational anxiety
beneficial because it motivates people to accomplish tasks in a prompt manner
Situational anxiety
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Counselling
Biofeedback techniques
Meditation and other complimentary therapies Relaxation technique
Psychotherapy
Support group
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL STRATEGIES FOR ANXIETY
Drugs of choice for various anxiety disorders and short-term insomnia
BENZODIAZEPINES
From root word ________ refers to an aromatic compound, one having a carbon ring structure attached to different atoms or to another carbon ring
“BENZO”
BENZODIAZEPINES IS USED AS_______
anti-convulsant, sedative hypnotics, pre-operative drugs and anxiolytics
Enhance the action of _______, an inhibitory neurotransmitter within the CNS
GABA
Benzodiazepines – categorized as scheduled ____ drugs
IV
Chlorodiazepoxide (Librium)
Diazepam (Valium)
Lorazepam (Ativan)
Midazolam (Versed)
Halazepam (Paxipam)
Example of Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepine that has a rapid onset time 15-30 minutes to reach peak serum levels
Midazolam (Versed)
Benzodiazepine that takes 1 to 3 hours to reach peak serum levels
Halazepam (Paxipam)
First and most widely used benzodiazepines.
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE (LIBRIUM) AND DIAZEPAM (VALIUM)
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE is given via ___
PO, IV, IM
Used also for its sedative effect
CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE
Give two examples of benzodiazepine that If given IV, it should monitor carefully owing a rapid onset of CNS and possible respiratory depression
LORAZEPAM (ATIVAN)
DIAZEPAM (VALIUM)
Mild to moderate anxiety
Lorazepam
Lorazepam can control ____
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
For anxiety, muscle spasm, seizure disorders
Diazepam
For pre-operative sedation/use as induction agents for general anesthesia
Diazepam
Diazepam promotes ______
Central muscle relaxation
Benzodiazepine is a lipid non soluble
False
Benzodiazepine is absorbed readily in the
GI tract
Benzodiazepine is excreted in ____
Urine
Benzodiazepine is a highly protein bound
TRUE
Benzodiazepine must be prescribed no more that ____ week
3-4
What are the side effects oof benzodiazepine?
Sedation, drowsiness, dizziness, confusion
Lethargy, ataxia, headache, dry mouth
Blurred vision, urinary incontinence
Memory problems, muscle weakness
Adverse effect of benzodiazepine
Acute hyperexcited states, hallucinations
Increased muscle spasticity, renal impairment, respiratory impairment due to hypersalivation
Congenital defects among women who are pregnant
Antidote for Benzodiazepines such as diazepam (valium), lorazepam (Ativan), and midazolam (versed) and must be administered intravenously (IV)
FLUMAZENIL (ROMAZICON)
Benzodiazepines are contraindicated in
narrow angle glaucoma
Why do you need to use benzodiazepine cautiously for patients with a suicidal potential
it may increase the risk of suicide
______ are used illegally for recreation, most often by adolescents, young adults, and opioid or cocaine addicts
Benzodiazepine
Why does benzodiazepine are not recommended in pregnant or nursing women?
Benzodiazepines cross the placenta and excrete in breast milk
Inform that the effective response of benzodiazepines is _______ weeks
1 to 2 weeks
