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PHARMACOLOGY (FINALS) > DRUGS ACTION ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

DRUGS ACTION ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

a complex network collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

When neurons communicate with their target tissues at synapses, they release a chemical substance called ___________

A

Neurotransmitters (ligands)

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3
Q

As this communication is mediated with chemical substances, the process is called ____________ and happens within chemical synapses.

A

Chemical neurotransmission

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4
Q

Moods and emotions flow through the various thoughts, feelings and actions of individuals which are communicated throughout the ___________ by chemical neurotransmitters.

A

Central nervous system

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5
Q

What are the major neurotransmitters?

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine

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6
Q

It activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and enhances the effects of the action potential

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters

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7
Q

It prevents an action potential

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

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8
Q

most powerful inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GAMA-AMINOBUTYRIC (GABA)

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9
Q

It has been found to be intimately involved in emotion and mood

A

SEROTONIN

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10
Q

When GABA is abnormally low this can lead to ________

A

Anxiety

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11
Q

Reduce neuronal excitability

A

GAMA-AMINOBUTYRIC (GABA)

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12
Q

A special type of neurotransmitter because its effects are both excitatory and inhibitory

A

Dopamine

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13
Q

Insufficient secretion of serotonin may result in decreased immune system function, as well as a range of emotional disorders like

A

depression
anger control problems
obsessive-compulsive disorder
even suicidal tendencies

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14
Q

Regulates sleep, wakefulness and mood as well as the delusions, hallucinations and withdrawal of schizophrenia

A

Serotonin

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15
Q

It is a neurotransmitter secreted by the neurons of the substantia nigra

A

Dopamine

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16
Q

It regulates the body temperature, perception of pain, emotion, and sleep cycles

A

Serotonin

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17
Q

Inhibit unnecessary movements, inhibits the release of prolactin, and stimulated the secretion of growth hormone

A

Dopamine

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18
Q

Drugs and alcohol abuse can temporarily increase dopamine level in the blood, leading to ______ and ________

A

Confusion and inability to focus

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19
Q

NOREPINEPHERINE (NE) is also known as _____

A

Noradrenaline (Nad)

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20
Q

Increase the level of alertness and wakefulness, stimulates various process of the body

A

Norepinephrine

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21
Q

Implicated in mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, in which case its concentration in the body is very low

A

Norepinephrine

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22
Q

Its main function is to stimulate muscle contraction Plays a role in sleep and wakefulness

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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23
Q

It is associated with control of arousal, attention, vigilance, mood, affect, and anxiety

A

Norepinephrine

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24
Q

It is a excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by neurons that innervate muscle cells, basal ganglia, preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system, and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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25
Q

Abnormally high concentrations of norepinephrine may lead to ________

A

Impaired sleep cycle

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26
Q

Involved with thinking, planning, and interpreting

A

Norepinephrine

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27
Q

Results from dopamine deficiency

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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28
Q

involved in regulation of cognition, emotional responses and motivation

A

Dopamine containing neurons

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29
Q

Are group of mental illnesses that cause constant and overwhelming anxiety and fear

A

Anxiety Disorder

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30
Q

State of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness that stems from anticipation of danger the source of which is largely unknown or unrecognized

A

Anxiety

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31
Q

It’s your brain’s way of reacting to stress and alerting your potential danger ahead

A

Anxiety

32
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF ANXIETY?

A

Primary Anxiety
Secondary Anxiety

33
Q

The cause is not by medical condition or drugs

A

Primary Anxiety

34
Q

The cause is related to selected drugs, medical, or psychiatric disorders

A

Secondary Anxiety

35
Q

What are the types of Anxiety Disorder?

A

SITUATIONAL ANXIETY
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
PANIC DISORDER
PHOBIAS
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)

36
Q

Fearful feelings attached to situations or objects

A

Phobias

37
Q

Fear of crowds

A

Social Anxiety

38
Q

Common phobias include _________

A

fear of snakes, spiders, crowds or height

39
Q

A type of situational anxiety that develops in response to re-experiencing a previous life event

A

PTSD

40
Q

Difficult to control, your excessive anxiety, unrealistic worry and tension with little or no reason that lasts 6 months or more

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

41
Q

Most common type of stress

A

GAD

42
Q

Characterized by intense feelings of immediate apprehension, fearfulness, terror or impending doom accompanied by increased autonomic nervous system activities that brings panic attack

A

Panic dosorder

43
Q

During panic attack, you may break out in sweat, have chest pain, and have a pounding heartbeat (palpitations) that will last less than _______

A

10 mins

44
Q

Symptoms include: restlessness, fatigue, muscle tension, nervousness, inability to focus or concentrate, and sleep disturbance

A

GAD

45
Q

Anxiety experienced by people faced with a stressful environment

A

Situational anxiety

46
Q

beneficial because it motivates people to accomplish tasks in a prompt manner

A

Situational anxiety

47
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy
Counselling
Biofeedback techniques
Meditation and other complimentary therapies Relaxation technique
Psychotherapy
Support group

A

NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL STRATEGIES FOR ANXIETY

48
Q

Drugs of choice for various anxiety disorders and short-term insomnia

A

BENZODIAZEPINES

49
Q

From root word ________ refers to an aromatic compound, one having a carbon ring structure attached to different atoms or to another carbon ring

A

“BENZO”

50
Q

BENZODIAZEPINES IS USED AS_______

A

anti-convulsant, sedative hypnotics, pre-operative drugs and anxiolytics

51
Q

Enhance the action of _______, an inhibitory neurotransmitter within the CNS

A

GABA

52
Q

Benzodiazepines – categorized as scheduled ____ drugs

A

IV

53
Q

Chlorodiazepoxide (Librium)
Diazepam (Valium)
Lorazepam (Ativan)
Midazolam (Versed)
Halazepam (Paxipam)

A

Example of Benzodiazepines

54
Q

Benzodiazepine that has a rapid onset time 15-30 minutes to reach peak serum levels

A

Midazolam (Versed)

55
Q

Benzodiazepine that takes 1 to 3 hours to reach peak serum levels

A

Halazepam (Paxipam)

56
Q

First and most widely used benzodiazepines.

A

CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE (LIBRIUM) AND DIAZEPAM (VALIUM)

57
Q

CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE is given via ___

A

PO, IV, IM

58
Q

Used also for its sedative effect

A

CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE

59
Q

Give two examples of benzodiazepine that If given IV, it should monitor carefully owing a rapid onset of CNS and possible respiratory depression

A

LORAZEPAM (ATIVAN)
DIAZEPAM (VALIUM)

60
Q

Mild to moderate anxiety

A

Lorazepam

61
Q

Lorazepam can control ____

A

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

62
Q

For anxiety, muscle spasm, seizure disorders

A

Diazepam

63
Q

For pre-operative sedation/use as induction agents for general anesthesia

A

Diazepam

64
Q

Diazepam promotes ______

A

Central muscle relaxation

65
Q

Benzodiazepine is a lipid non soluble

A

False

66
Q

Benzodiazepine is absorbed readily in the

A

GI tract

67
Q

Benzodiazepine is excreted in ____

A

Urine

68
Q

Benzodiazepine is a highly protein bound

A

TRUE

69
Q

Benzodiazepine must be prescribed no more that ____ week

A

3-4

70
Q

What are the side effects oof benzodiazepine?

A

Sedation, drowsiness, dizziness, confusion
Lethargy, ataxia, headache, dry mouth
Blurred vision, urinary incontinence
Memory problems, muscle weakness

71
Q

Adverse effect of benzodiazepine

A

Acute hyperexcited states, hallucinations
Increased muscle spasticity, renal impairment, respiratory impairment due to hypersalivation
Congenital defects among women who are pregnant

72
Q

Antidote for Benzodiazepines such as diazepam (valium), lorazepam (Ativan), and midazolam (versed) and must be administered intravenously (IV)

A

FLUMAZENIL (ROMAZICON)

73
Q

Benzodiazepines are contraindicated in

A

narrow angle glaucoma

74
Q

Why do you need to use benzodiazepine cautiously for patients with a suicidal potential

A

it may increase the risk of suicide

75
Q

______ are used illegally for recreation, most often by adolescents, young adults, and opioid or cocaine addicts

A

Benzodiazepine

76
Q

Why does benzodiazepine are not recommended in pregnant or nursing women?

A

Benzodiazepines cross the placenta and excrete in breast milk

77
Q

Inform that the effective response of benzodiazepines is _______ weeks

A

1 to 2 weeks

PHARMACOLOGY (FINALS) (9 decks)

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