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Pharmacology 2 > Drugs Acting on the Adrenal Cortex > Flashcards

Drugs Acting on the Adrenal Cortex Flashcards

0
Q

What are produced in the Zona glomerulosa?

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

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1
Q

What are the 3 zones of the cortex of the adrenals?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona fasiculate
  • Zona reticularis
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2
Q

What is produced by the zona fasciculata?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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3
Q

What is produced by the zona reticularis?

A

Sexual steroids (androgens)

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4
Q

What is produced by the medulla of the adrenals?

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

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5
Q

What are 2 types of ways glucocorticoids express their effects?

A
  • Genomic effects

- Non-genomic effects

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6
Q

Where are the glucocorticoid receptors found with genomic effects?

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Where are the glucocorticoid receptors found with non-genomic effects?

A

In the membrane.

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8
Q

Transactivation and transrepression of genes is seen with which effect of glucocorticoids?

A

Genomic effects

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9
Q

Do genomic effects have slow or fast feedback on ACTH secretion?

A

Slow feedback

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10
Q

Do non-genomic effects have a slow or fast feedback on ACTH secretion?

A

Fast feedback

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11
Q

What 2 effects do glucocorticoids have on energy metabolism?

A
  • Generally catabolic

- Antagonistic to insulin

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12
Q

What 4 effects do glucocorticoids have on water and electrolytes?

A
  • Alter calcium metabolism
  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia
  • Increased GFR
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13
Q

What 4 effects do glucocorticoids have on the cardiac and respiratory systems?

A
  • Generally chronotropic and inotropic
  • Increase beta adrenoreceptors
  • Permissive to the effects of catecholamines
  • Indirect cardiac effects through water/electrolyte metabolism
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14
Q

Wha 4 effects do glucocorticoids have on hematology?

A
  • Increased PCV and RBC lifespan
  • Increased platelets
  • Increased clotting/platelet function
  • “Stress leukogram”
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15
Q

Glucocorticoids will usually cause an increase in what?

A

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

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16
Q

Glucocorticoids can cause an increase in what 4 things?

A
  • Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
  • Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
  • Cholesterol/triglycerides
  • Glucose
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17
Q

Glucocorticoids may cause a decrease in what 2 things?

A
  • BUN

- T3 and T4

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18
Q

What 4 effects might glucocorticoids have on the nervous system?

A
  • Mental dependency (humans)
  • Euphoria/depression
  • Polyphagia
  • Peripheral neuropathies
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19
Q

What effect can glucocorticoids have on fever?

A

Decrease fever

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20
Q

What can glucocorticoids inhibit which can affect fever?

A

PGE2 production

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21
Q

What are 3 conditions that can be seen in the skin with chronic excess glucocorticoids?

A
  • Mineralization
  • Thinning and weakening of skin
  • Alterations in hair turnover
22
Q

What is an example of skin mineralization that can be seen with glucocorticoids?

A

Calcinosis cutis

23
Q

What is a condition involving the thinning and weakening of the skin that can be seen with glucocorticoid use?

A

Skin fragility syndrome in cats

24
Q

What are 2 examples of alterations in hair turnover that can be seen with glucocorticoids use?

A
  • Endocrine alopecia in dogs/cats

- Hirsutism in equines (hypothalamus)

25
Q

What are 2 effects glucocorticoids have on the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • Increase osteoclast activity/decrease osteoblast activity

- Inhibition of fibroblasts

26
Q

Can glucocorticoids cause osteoporosis?

A

Yes

27
Q

What are 5 effects glucocorticoids can have on the reproductive system?

A
  • Fetal maturation
  • Teratogenic (cleft palate)
  • Induce abortion/parturition
  • Inhibit spermatogenesis
  • Inhibit ovulation
28
Q

What are 3 conditions glucocorticoids can cause in the gastrointestinal and hepatic systems?

A
  • GI ulceration
  • Fatty liver
  • Pancreatitis
29
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on lipocortin?

A

Increase lipocortin

30
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on LDL receptors?

A

Inhibit them, reduces transport of LDL and thus AA production.

31
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on COX-2?

A

Reduced COX-2 expression

32
Q

Which 4 cytokines are inhibited by glucocorticoids?

A
  • TNF
  • IL-1
  • PAF
  • IL-3
33
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on leukocyte recruitment?

A

Inhibits

34
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on phagocytosis?

A

Decreases it

35
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on bactericidal activity?

A

Reduce it

36
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on inflammatory mediators?

A

Inhibit release from damaged cells.

37
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on fibroplasia/granulation tissue?

A

Suppress it

38
Q

T/F: Different leukocytes have different sensitivity to glucocorticoid concentration.

A

True

39
Q

What type of an immunological effect do glucocorticoids have at a lower dose?
At a higher dose?

A
  • Anti-inflammatory

- Immunosuppressive (about 2mg/kg/day)

40
Q

What are 7 clinical uses of glucocorticoids?

A
  • Treat allergies
  • Suppress inflammation/fibrosis
  • Immunosuppression
  • Induction of parturition
  • Treatment of neoplasia
  • Replacement therapy (Addison’s disease)
  • Endocrine function testing (LDDS, HDDS)
41
Q

Can glucocorticoids be used to treat hypercalcemia?

A

yes

42
Q

Can glucocorticoids be used to treat bovine ketosis?

A

Yes

43
Q

Can glucocorticoids be used to stimulate appetite?

A

Yes

44
Q

Where are 3 locations in the body the glucocorticoids are readily absorbed from?

A
  • GIT
  • Skin
  • Mucous membranes
45
Q

What are 2 effects the formulation of glucocorticoids can have on absorption?

A
  • Improve absorption

- Reduce absorption

46
Q

What type of distribution do glucocorticoids have?

A

Wide distribution

47
Q

Are glucocorticoids highly protein bound?

A

Yes

48
Q

Which plasma protein has a high affinity for glucocorticoids?

A

Transcortin (corticosteroid-binding protein CBP)

49
Q

Does albumin have a low or high affinity for glucocorticoids?

A

Low affinity

50
Q

Where are most glucocorticoids hydrolyzed?

A

In plasma/synovial fluid.

51
Q

What are 3 glucocorticoids that require hepatic metabolism to become active?

A
  • Methylprednisolone
  • Prednisone
  • Cortisone
52
Q

How are glucocorticoids metabolites excreted?

A

In the urine.

53
Q

What are 9 cautions/contraindications of glucocorticoid use?

A
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Pre-existing catabolic disease
  • Infections (most of the time)
  • Corneal ulceration
  • Young, growing animals
  • Pregnancy
  • Wounds (that you want to heal)
  • Concurrent used of NSAIDs
  • Caution with underlying liver, cardiac disease

Pharmacology 2 (10 decks)

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