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Pharmacology 2 > Drugs Acting on the Adrenal Cortex > Flashcards

Drugs Acting on the Adrenal Cortex Flashcards

0
Q

What are produced in the Zona glomerulosa?

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

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1
Q

What are the 3 zones of the cortex of the adrenals?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona fasiculate
  • Zona reticularis
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2
Q

What is produced by the zona fasciculata?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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3
Q

What is produced by the zona reticularis?

A

Sexual steroids (androgens)

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4
Q

What is produced by the medulla of the adrenals?

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)

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5
Q

What are 2 types of ways glucocorticoids express their effects?

A
  • Genomic effects

- Non-genomic effects

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6
Q

Where are the glucocorticoid receptors found with genomic effects?

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Where are the glucocorticoid receptors found with non-genomic effects?

A

In the membrane.

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8
Q

Transactivation and transrepression of genes is seen with which effect of glucocorticoids?

A

Genomic effects

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9
Q

Do genomic effects have slow or fast feedback on ACTH secretion?

A

Slow feedback

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10
Q

Do non-genomic effects have a slow or fast feedback on ACTH secretion?

A

Fast feedback

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11
Q

What 2 effects do glucocorticoids have on energy metabolism?

A
  • Generally catabolic

- Antagonistic to insulin

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12
Q

What 4 effects do glucocorticoids have on water and electrolytes?

A
  • Alter calcium metabolism
  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia
  • Increased GFR
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13
Q

What 4 effects do glucocorticoids have on the cardiac and respiratory systems?

A
  • Generally chronotropic and inotropic
  • Increase beta adrenoreceptors
  • Permissive to the effects of catecholamines
  • Indirect cardiac effects through water/electrolyte metabolism
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14
Q

Wha 4 effects do glucocorticoids have on hematology?

A
  • Increased PCV and RBC lifespan
  • Increased platelets
  • Increased clotting/platelet function
  • “Stress leukogram”
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15
Q

Glucocorticoids will usually cause an increase in what?

A

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

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16
Q

Glucocorticoids can cause an increase in what 4 things?

A
  • Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
  • Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
  • Cholesterol/triglycerides
  • Glucose
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17
Q

Glucocorticoids may cause a decrease in what 2 things?

A
  • BUN

- T3 and T4

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18
Q

What 4 effects might glucocorticoids have on the nervous system?

A
  • Mental dependency (humans)
  • Euphoria/depression
  • Polyphagia
  • Peripheral neuropathies
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19
Q

What effect can glucocorticoids have on fever?

A

Decrease fever

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20
Q

What can glucocorticoids inhibit which can affect fever?

A

PGE2 production

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21
Q

What are 3 conditions that can be seen in the skin with chronic excess glucocorticoids?

A
  • Mineralization
  • Thinning and weakening of skin
  • Alterations in hair turnover
22
Q

What is an example of skin mineralization that can be seen with glucocorticoids?

A

Calcinosis cutis

23
Q

What is a condition involving the thinning and weakening of the skin that can be seen with glucocorticoid use?

A

Skin fragility syndrome in cats

24
What are 2 examples of alterations in hair turnover that can be seen with glucocorticoids use?
- Endocrine alopecia in dogs/cats | - Hirsutism in equines (hypothalamus)
25
What are 2 effects glucocorticoids have on the musculoskeletal system?
- Increase osteoclast activity/decrease osteoblast activity | - Inhibition of fibroblasts
26
Can glucocorticoids cause osteoporosis?
Yes
27
What are 5 effects glucocorticoids can have on the reproductive system?
- Fetal maturation - Teratogenic (cleft palate) - Induce abortion/parturition - Inhibit spermatogenesis - Inhibit ovulation
28
What are 3 conditions glucocorticoids can cause in the gastrointestinal and hepatic systems?
- GI ulceration - Fatty liver - Pancreatitis
29
What effect do glucocorticoids have on lipocortin?
Increase lipocortin
30
What effect do glucocorticoids have on LDL receptors?
Inhibit them, reduces transport of LDL and thus AA production.
31
What effect do glucocorticoids have on COX-2?
Reduced COX-2 expression
32
Which 4 cytokines are inhibited by glucocorticoids?
- TNF - IL-1 - PAF - IL-3
33
What effect do glucocorticoids have on leukocyte recruitment?
Inhibits
34
What effect do glucocorticoids have on phagocytosis?
Decreases it
35
What effect do glucocorticoids have on bactericidal activity?
Reduce it
36
What effect do glucocorticoids have on inflammatory mediators?
Inhibit release from damaged cells.
37
What effect do glucocorticoids have on fibroplasia/granulation tissue?
Suppress it
38
T/F: Different leukocytes have different sensitivity to glucocorticoid concentration.
True
39
What type of an immunological effect do glucocorticoids have at a lower dose? At a higher dose?
- Anti-inflammatory | - Immunosuppressive (about 2mg/kg/day)
40
What are 7 clinical uses of glucocorticoids?
- Treat allergies - Suppress inflammation/fibrosis - Immunosuppression - Induction of parturition - Treatment of neoplasia - Replacement therapy (Addison's disease) - Endocrine function testing (LDDS, HDDS)
41
Can glucocorticoids be used to treat hypercalcemia?
yes
42
Can glucocorticoids be used to treat bovine ketosis?
Yes
43
Can glucocorticoids be used to stimulate appetite?
Yes
44
Where are 3 locations in the body the glucocorticoids are readily absorbed from?
- GIT - Skin - Mucous membranes
45
What are 2 effects the formulation of glucocorticoids can have on absorption?
- Improve absorption | - Reduce absorption
46
What type of distribution do glucocorticoids have?
Wide distribution
47
Are glucocorticoids highly protein bound?
Yes
48
Which plasma protein has a high affinity for glucocorticoids?
Transcortin (corticosteroid-binding protein CBP)
49
Does albumin have a low or high affinity for glucocorticoids?
Low affinity
50
Where are most glucocorticoids hydrolyzed?
In plasma/synovial fluid.
51
What are 3 glucocorticoids that require hepatic metabolism to become active?
- Methylprednisolone - Prednisone - Cortisone
52
How are glucocorticoids metabolites excreted?
In the urine.
53
What are 9 cautions/contraindications of glucocorticoid use?
- Diabetes mellitus - Pre-existing catabolic disease - Infections (most of the time) - Corneal ulceration - Young, growing animals - Pregnancy - Wounds (that you want to heal) - Concurrent used of NSAIDs - Caution with underlying liver, cardiac disease

Pharmacology 2 (10 decks)

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