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345A > Drug Site of Action and Mechanism of Action > Flashcards

Drug Site of Action and Mechanism of Action Flashcards

1
Q

neurons combine to form many structures

A
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2
Q

NOTABLE BRAIN DIVISIONS, STRUCTURES, AND THEIR FUNCTIONS (3)

A
  1. BRAINSTEM/HINDBRAIN
  2. MIDBRAIN
  3. FOREBRAIN.
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3
Q

Brainstem/Hindbrain portion (4)

A

pons ,medulla, reticular formation , cerebellum

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4
Q

Pons

A

– Contains nerve pathways relaying sensory
info to thalamus, cerebral cortex,cerebellum, refines motor commands
– Plays a role in body movement, sleep, dreaming (pons neurons fire rapidly in dreaming)
- contains the locus coeruleus (group of cell bodies), which is involved in SNS activity (gets us ready to react) –> need to respond to something!!! (bear) –> alerting higher centers in the brain
- drugs affecting sleeping affect the pons
- pons= latin for bridge –> bridge b/t brainstem and cerebellum
- psychedelics impact the pons too

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5
Q

Medulla

A

– Site of “life-maintaining” centres (breathing, HR, BP centres)
– Contains “vomiting centre”
- lowest structure in the brain
- damage can cause death
- sensitive to drugs –> depressed with drugs (respiratory) they stop breathing –> will cause permanent damage if anoxic for a while

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6
Q

types of neurons (3) and characteristics

A

sensory: transmit sensory info picked up by neurons (eyes, ears, skin, nose) transmit info to a variety of areas in the brain

motor neurons: travel from the brain to innervate muscles

Interneurons: neurons that connect other neurons

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7
Q

parts of a neuron

A
  1. cell body ( housekeeping of the cell)–> synthesize chemicals (NT) contains genetic info of the neuron
  2. axon –> projection from the cell body (length will vary from type of neuron –> MN longer)
    - covered in fatty sheath (myelinated)
    - the spots with no fatty sheath = nodes of ranvier
    end of axon = synaptic endballs
    - NT at the end of these endballs (chemicals that are released by the neuron)
  3. dendrites: (INs have a lot of dendritic branching)
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8
Q

neurons communicate with one another by releasing ____

A

NTs

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9
Q

dendrites job is to ____

A

receive NTs from other neurons

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10
Q

cerebellum nickname and why

A

little brain –> plays a role in cognitive tasks
- analyse sensory info
- solves problems

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11
Q

thin white line in front of the cerebellum and behind the medulla =

A

RF

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12
Q

forebrain cortical structure (outside)

A

cerebral cortex

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13
Q

Cerebellum job

A
  • Controls fine motor movement (threading a needle), motor
    coordination, postural adjustments (tripping and staying up)
    – Plays a role in number of cognitive tasks

drugs affecting it:
- alcohol (staggering)
- THC

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14
Q

Reticular Activating System

role:

controls:
pathways
- ascending ____ –> ___–> ___
damage
drug

A

– Plays a role in ANS reactions; readying one to act
– Controls wakefulness/neurological alertness
- a lot of white matter (myelination) with grey matter (cell bodies
- ascending and descending pathways of RF
- ascenging = RAS** –> from medulla recieves sensory info –> neurons synapse with bodies in RF –> continue on upwards to higher center of the brian
- damage = coma****
- drug = rhohypnol (sedation)

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15
Q

Raphe Nuclei

A

– Plays a role in sleep

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16
Q

MIDBRAIN areas (2)

A
  • Inferior and Superior Colliculi
    – Relay and process (at basic level) auditory and visual information respectively
  • superior: visual info process
    inferior: auditory info process
  • the info travels up to thalamus –> auditory cortex (inf) and occipital cortex (sup)
    drugs: alcohol affects
  • Ventral Tegmental Area
    – Contains cell bodies involved in drug dependency
17
Q

FOREBRAIN area (5)

A
  • Thalamus
    Hypothalamus
    Hippocampus
    Basal Ganglia
    Cerebral Cortex
18
Q

Thalamus

connection with ______ regulates ____ and _____ of CC
drugs (2)

A

– Referred to as “relay center” or “traffic officer”
– Sends sensory information to cerebellum and cerebral cortex
– Sends motor commands to muscle groups (coming from primary motor cortex (synapse in thalamus) )
- in connection with RAS, the thalamus regulates general arousal and excitability of the cerebral cortex

drugs: psychadelics, opitates

19
Q

hypothalamus (below the thalamus)

connection with ____ regulates ______ (hunger, sex drive, thirst)

drugs: (3)

A

– In connection with pituitary gland regulates physiologically based drives
- pit releases hormones to regulate
- regulates behaviours and psychological based drives (hunger, thirst, sex drive)

Drugs: THC (munchies), opiates (decreased sex drive), cocaine/meth (increased sex drive)

20
Q

Hippocampus

role (2)

drug (3) THC. Alc,,, ____

A

– Plays a role in learning and memory; formation of new memories
- plays a role in drug dependency behaviours (places can be trigger for drug use from this area) (places associated to drug use)

drugs: THC, barbituates, alcohol

21
Q

FOREBRAIN Reinforcement/Pleasure/Reward Centers
– Include (3) and play a role in ____

A
  • Mesolimbic Dopamine System (group of dopmaiinergic neurons to release dopamine across limbic system) –> begins in the vnetral tegmental area
  • Nucleus Acumbens
  • prefrontal cortex (plays a role in pleasure when highly active)

– Play a role in intense euphoric effects of some drugs
and addiction (e.g., amphetamine, cocaine, heroin)

22
Q

Basal Ganglia (many structures) Plays a role in

drugs (1)

A
  • integrating voluntary motor movements ( this is a motor area)
  • Maintaining posture and muscle tone
  • Learning/forming automatic S-R behaviours i.e., habits****

relies on normal levels of dopamine, less dopamine levels cause reduction in BG fucntion

drugs: antipsychotic drugs —> affecting function of BG**

23
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

◦ Responsible for higher mental processes
e.g., language, reasoning, decision making,
problem solving
◦ Has four divisions, referred to as lobes

24
Q

Lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

Frontal –> motor association cortex (motor planning), primary motor cortex
◦ Parietal–> somatosensory association cortex (proprioception) , primary somatosensory cortex (representation of body (homunculus))
◦ Occiptal –> primary visual cortex, visual association cortex (recognition with the visual association cortex)
◦ Temporal –> amygdala and hippocampus

25
Q

information flow in a neuron

A

from a dendrite –> to cell body–> to axon —> axon terminal –> NT release

26
Q

Brainstem vs hindbrain

A

pons, medulla, RF / + cerebellum included

27
Q

RF is both in the (areas)

A

brainstem and to midbrain

28
Q

Reticular formation

A
  • ascending and descening pathways
  • plays a role in ANS reactions; readying one to act
  • controls wakefulness/neurological alterness
  • also part of midbrain (seen in Textbook) AS WELL AS Brainstem
29
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

plays a role in motor movement along with BG (connected to BG )
- NTs release a significant amount of dopamine***** (dopaminergic neurons) – main source of dopamine
- damage= parkinsons disease

30
Q

Periaqueductal gray area in Brainstem

A
  • plays a role in pain sensation and defensive behaviour
  • stimulation causes analgesia (no pain)*****
  • drugs: opiates stimulate PAG and stop pain
  • connections to raphi nuclei then project to Spinal cord –> cause an indirect release of endorphins –> causes reduction in pain as well (so feedforward to block pain in PAG (brain) and SC (from endorphin release) )
  • damage to this would not let us experience pain
  • contains a punishment system
  • ## when this part is stimulated –> it feels bad
31
Q

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

  • projects axons to numerous areas in the brain to release _____ (4)
A

plays a role in reward-related behaviour, motivation and addiction
- tegmental= ceiling

stimulated = we feel good (pleasure)
- animals will engage in activities to get stimulation in this area

project axons to numerous areas in the brain to release dopamine (thala, hypotha, CC, Sub nigr)

-drugs : cocaine, amphetamine, alcohol, nic, caffeine
- can become dependant on the reward release these drugs give off

32
Q

limbic system (6 structures) (structures that play a role in emotions)

A

hypothalamus
hippo
amygdala: connects motions/sensory info with emotions with memory
thalamus
pituitary
cerebellum

33
Q

connection b/t L and R side of brain

A

corpus callosum and axons

345A (25 decks)

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