Drug Names (Group 4 // L - P)

Question 1

Generic – Levonorgestrel

1 emergency contraceptive tablet

Answer 1

> Brand – Next Choice One Dose®, Plan B One-Step®
Class – hormone contraceptives
Background – hormones normally rise and fall in a pattern or “cycle” promoting egg ovulation and implantation for pregnancy to occur
Pharmacology – preventing egg ovulation and/or implantation
Indications – pregnancy prevention
Side Effects – nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, emotional changes, blood clots
Interactions – increases blood clot formation from smoking cigarettes, and reduces hormone contraceptive effects from antibiotics
(Category X)
(Do not use during pregnancy)

Question 2

Generic – Amiloride

Answer 2

> Brand – Midamor®
Class – potassium-sparing diuretics
Background – common hypokalemia side effect is caused by diuretics
Pharmacology – increases salt and water from the via urine without causing low potassium
Indications – hypertension, heart failure
Side effects – hyperkalemia, hypotension
Interactions – causes high blood potassium levels, and increases hyperkalemia risks from potassium supplements

Question 3

Generic – Amiodarone

Answer 3

> Brand – Pacerone®
Class – antiarrhythmics
Background – irregular impulse nerves traveling within the heart is caused by cardiac arrhythmias
Pharmacology – slowness and stabilizing cardiac impulse nerves
Indications – cardiac arrhythmias
Side Effects – new or worsened cardiac arrhythmias
Interactions – occur with prolong QT interval drugs that causes life threatening cardiac arrhythmias

Question 4

Generic – Amlodipine

Answer 4

> Brand – Norvasc®
Class – calcium channel blockers (CCBs)
Background – effective calcium contraction comes from heart and blood line vessels of muscle tissue forms
Pharmacology – lesser heart beats and more blood vessel relaxations to decrease blood pressure by reduced calcium to cardiac and vascular muscle cells
Indications – hypertension, angina
Side effects – fatigue, edema
Interactions – increases hypotension risks with other lower blood pressure drugs

Question 5

Generic – Bismuth Subsalicylate

Answer 5

> Brand – Pepto-Bismol®
Indications – heartburn, indigestion, nausea, upset stomach
(OTC antacids)

Question 6

Generic – Calcium Carbonate

Answer 6

> Brands – Maalox®, Tums®
Class – antacids
Background – bases neutralize acids
Pharmacology – neutralizes the stomach acids and converts the acids into water
Indications – heartburn, upset stomach
Side Effects – constipation (calcium and aluminum), diarrhea (magnesium), kidney stones (calcium)
Interactions – antacids can interfere with certain drug absorption
(OTC)

Question 7

Generic – Cilostazol

Answer 7

> Brand – Pletal®
Class – antiplatelets
Background – one of two key blood clot components are platelets
Pharmacology – prevents platelet aggregation
Indications – blood clots
Side Effects – excessive bleeding, easy bruising
Interactions – increase gastrointestinal bleeding when risks used with NSAIDS and aspirin

Question 8

Generic – Clopidogrel

Answer 8

> Brand – Plavix®
Class – antiplatelets
Background – one of two key blood clot components are platelets
Pharmacology – prevents platelet aggregation
Indications – blood clots
Side Effects – excessive bleeding, easy bruising
Interactions – increase gastrointestinal bleeding risks when used with NSAIDS and aspirin

Question 9

Generic – Conjugated Estrogens

Answer 9

> Brand – Premarin®

> Indications – menopause symptoms

Question 10

Generic – Dabigatran

Answer 10

> Brand – Pradaxa®
Class – anticoagulants
Background – one of two major blood clot components are fibrin that forms a reaction from blood and chemicals by damaged blood vessel
Pharmacology – blocks and interferes the chemical reactions that lead to fibrin forming
Indications – blood clots
Side Effects – excessive bleeding, easy bruising
Interactions – vitamin k can effect the warfarin medication, and increase gastrointestinal bleeding risks when using NSAIDS and aspirin

Question 11

Generic – Disopyramide

Answer 11

> Brand – Norpace®
Class – antiarrhythmics
Background – irregular impulse nerves traveling within the heart is caused by cardiac arrhythmias
Pharmacology – slowness and stabilizing cardiac impulse nerves
Indications – cardiac arrhythmias
Side Effects – new or worsened cardiac arrhythmias
Interactions – occur with prolong QT interval drugs that causes life threatening cardiac arrhythmias

Question 12

Generic – Doxycycline

Answer 12

> Brand – Monodox®

> Indications – bacterial infections

Question 13

Generic – Enoxaparin

Answer 13

> Brand – Lovenox®
Class – anticoagulants
Background – one of two major blood clot components are fibrin that forms a reaction from blood and chemicals by damaged blood vessel
Pharmacology – blocks and interferes the chemical reactions that lead to fibrin forming
Indications – blood clots
Side Effects – excessive bleeding, easy bruising
Interactions – vitamin k can effect the warfarin medication, and increase gastrointestinal bleeding risks when using NSAIDS and aspirin

Question 14

Generic – Eszopiclone

Answer 14

> Brand – Lunesta®
Class – sedative-hypnotics (depressants)
Background – BNZ₁ receptor activation promotes sleep
Indications – insomnia
Side Effects – drowsiness, somnolence, dependency
Interactions – increases drowsiness with other drugs that suppress nervous system activity (e.g. benzodiazepines, opioids, antihistamines, alcohol)
(C-IV)

Question 15

Generic – Felodipine

Answer 15

> Brand – Plendil®
Class – calcium channel blockers (CCBs)
Background – effective calcium contraction comes from heart and blood line vessels of muscle tissue forms
Pharmacology – lesser heart beats and more blood vessel relaxations to decrease blood pressure by reduced calcium to cardiac and vascular muscle cells
Indications – hypertension, angina
Side effects – fatigue, edema
Interactions – increases hypotension risks with other lower blood pressure drugs

Question 16

Generic – Fluvoxamine

Answer 16

> Brand – Luvox®
Class – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Background – neurotransmitters of depression, behavior, eating, and nausea/vomiting are called serotonins, and must be in a synaptic cleft long enough to exert effect, and is removed afterwards
Pharmacology – allows serotonin to remain in the synaptic cleft
Indications – depression, behavior and eating disorders
Side Effects – agitation, confusion, hallucinations, body weight, nausea, pressured speech, tremor, rigidity, diarrhea, fever, sweating, flushing, seizures, and serotonin syndrome
Interactions – increases bleeding from NSAIDS, anticoagulants, and/or antiplatelets, and also serotonin syndrome from drugs (e.g. SNRI, TCAs)
[Chemical name: 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)]

Question 17

Generic – Formoterol

inhaler

Answer 17

> Brand – Perforomist®
Class – inhaled beta agonists
Background – narrowed airways is one of the main issues in asthma and COPD
Pharmacology – lung airways become dilated once beta-receptors are activated for patients to breathe easier
Indications – asthma, COPD
Side Effects – tachycardia, palpitations
Interactions – certain beta-blockers (e.g. carvedilol) can oppose inhaled beta agonists effects
(Long acting)
(Inhalation only)

Question 18

Generic – Gabapentin

Answer 18

> Brand – Neurotin®
Class – antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)
Background – abnormal hyperactive nerve functions are caused by seizures
Pharmacology – suppressing nerve activity from various mechanisms (e.g. sodium ion channel modulation, GABA receptor stimulation, glutamate receptor antagonism)
Indications – seizures, nerve pain, psychiatric disorders
Side Effects – drowsiness, mental slowness, weight gain, rash, SJS (rare), nerve pain
Interactions – severe nerve system suppress when combined what other suppress nerve system drugs (e.g. benzodiazepines, opioids, alcohol)

Question 19

Generic – Hydrochlorothiazide

Answer 19

> Brand – Microzide®
Class – thiazide diuretics
Background – sodium is associated with water retention and hypertension
Pharmacology – increases salt and water transferring from blood to urine
Indications – hypertension, edema
Side effects – hypotension, hypokalemia, hyperuricemia, mule cramps, cardiac arrhythmias, photosensitivity, and SJS (rare)
Drug interactions – severe hypertension and hypokalemia by combining other reduced blood pressure drugs (ACE inhibitors, ARBs, loop diuretics)

Question 20

Generic – Insulin Aspart

Answer 20

> Brand – Novolog®
Class – insulin
Background – nutrients absorbed into the blood stream enters the intestinal tract where it derives glucose from carbohydrate-containing foods as a source of energy
Pharmacology – stimulates glucose cellular uptake from the blood by rapid acting with 15 to 30 minute onset and 3 to 6 hour duration action process
Indications – type II and type II diabetes
Side Effects – hypoglycemia, redness/swelling/itching from injection site
Interactions – increases blood sugar from other drugs (e.g. thyroid hormones, diuretics, corticosteroids). Also decreases blood sugar from other drugs (e.g. antidiabetics) and hypoglycemia
(Rx Only)
(Refrigerate, Do Not Freeze)

Question 21

Generic – Magnesium Hydroxide

Answer 21

> Brand – Milk of Magnesia®
Indications – constipation
(OTC laxatives)

Question 22

Generic – Meloxicam

Answer 22

> Brand – Mobic®
Class – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Background – inflammation commonly causes pain, and prostaglandins are produced naturally within the body when mediated
Pharmacology – blocks prostaglandins production of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme responsibility
Indications – pain, inflammation, fever
Side Effects – nausea and vomiting, stomach ulcers, renal impairment
Interactions – increased bleeding (especially gastrointestinal bleeding) with other anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet drugs
(Rx only)
(Take with food)

Question 23

Generic – Memantime

Answer 23

> Brand – Namenda®

> Indications – alzheimer’s disease

Question 24

Generic – Methadone

Answer 24

> Brand – Methadose®
Indications – pain, opioid addiction
(C-II opioid)

Question 25

Generic – Methylprednisolone

Answer 25

> Brand – Medrol®

> Indications – inflammation

Question 26

Generic – Mometasone Nasal Spray

Answer 26

> Brand – Nasonex®

> Indications – inflammation, allergies

Question 27

Generic – Naloxone

Answer 27

> Brand – Narcan®
Indications – opioid overdose
(Injection)

Question 28

Generic – Niacin

Answer 28

> Brand – Niaspan®
Indications – high cholesterol (fatty substance expanding in arterial blood vessels, causing atherosclerosis and heart attack)

Question 29

Generic – Nifedipine

Answer 29

> Brand – Nifediac®

> Indications – hypertension

Question 30

Generic – Nitroglycerin

sublingual tablets

Answer 30

> Brand – Nitrostat®
Class – vasodilators
Background – insufficient blood flow to the heart caused by severe chest pain, which can be the heart attack precursor is an angina
Pharmacology – blood vessel expansion supplying blood to the heart
Indications – angina, hypertension, heart failure
Side Effects – hypotension, headache, dizziness
Interactions – increased hypotension risks with other lower blood pressure medications (e.g. Viagra®, Cialis®, and Levitra®)

Question 31

Generic – Nitroglycerin

topical ointment

Answer 31

> Brand – Nitro Bid®
Class – vasodilators
Background – insufficient blood flow to the heart caused by severe chest pain, which can be the heart attack precursor is an angina
Pharmacology – blood vessel expansion supplying blood to the heart
Indications – angina, hypertension, heart failure
Side Effects – hypotension, headache, dizziness
Interactions – increased hypotension risks with other lower blood pressure medications (e.g. Viagra®, Cialis®, and Levitra®)

Question 32

Generic – Nitroglycerin

transdermal patch

Answer 32

> Brand – Nitro Dur®
Class – vasodilators
Background – insufficient blood flow to the heart caused by severe chest pain, which can be the heart attack precursor is an angina
Pharmacology – blood vessel expansion supplying blood to the heart
Indications – angina, hypertension, heart failure
Side Effects – hypotension, headache, dizziness
Interactions – increased hypotension risks with other lower blood pressure medications (e.g. Viagra®, Cialis®, and Levitra®)

Question 33

Generic – none

intravaginal ring

Answer 33

> Brand – NuvaRing®
Class – hormone contraceptives
Background – hormones normally rise and fall in a pattern or “cycle” promoting egg ovulation and implantation for pregnancy to occur
Pharmacology – preventing egg ovulation and/or implantation
Indications – pregnancy prevention
Side Effects – nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, emotional changes, blood clots
Interactions – increases blood clot formation from smoking cigarettes, and reduces hormone contraceptive effects from antibiotics
(Category X)
(Do not use during pregnancy)

Question 34

Generic – Nortriptyline

Answer 34

> Brand – Pamelor®
Class – tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Background – both serotonin and norepinephrine are associated to mood and energy levels
Pharmacology – blocks serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake
Indications – depression, eating and generalized anxiety disorder, diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Side Effects – tachycardia, heart palpitations, hypertension, dry mouth, weight gain, reduce sex drive, serotonin syndrome
Interactions – increases serotonin syndrome with other increased serotonin activity drugs (e.g. SSRIs, SNRIs)

Question 35

Generic – Nystatin

Answer 35

> Brand – Nystop®

> Indications – fungal infections

Question 36

Generic – Nystatin

Answer 36

> Brand – Mycostatin®

> Indications – fungal infections

Question 37

Generic – Oxycodone

ER

Answer 37

> Brand – Oxycontin®
Class – Opioids
Background – opioid receptor activation produces analgesics and sedation
Pharmacology – provides pain relief from opioid receptor activation
Indications – pain, cough
Side effects – sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, dependency
Interactions – increases sedation and respiratory depression incidences with other drugs surpassing the nervous system (e.g. benzodiazepines, alcohol)
(C-II)
(May cause drowsiness)

Question 38

Generic – Oxymorphone

Answer 38

> Brand – Opana®
Indications – pain
(C-II opioid)

Question 39

Generic – Paroxetine

Answer 39

> Brand – Paxil®
Class – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Background – neurotransmitters of depression, behavior, eating, and nausea/vomiting are called serotonins, and must be in a synaptic cleft long enough to exert effect, and is removed afterwards
Pharmacology – allows serotonin to remain in the synaptic cleft
Indications – depression, behavior and eating disorders
Side Effects – agitation, confusion, hallucinations, body weight, nausea, pressured speech, tremor, rigidity, diarrhea, fever, sweating, flushing, seizures, and serotonin syndrome
Interactions – increases bleeding from NSAIDS, anticoagulants, and/or antiplatelets, and also serotonin syndrome from drugs (e.g. SNRI, TCAs)
[Chemical name: 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)]

Question 40

Generic – Phenylephrine

nasal spray

Answer 40

> Brand – Neo-Synephrine®
Class – cough and cold medications
Indications – nasal decongestant (specific use)
(OTC)

Question 41

Generic – Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 3350

Answer 41

> Brand – Miralax®
Indications – constipation
(OTC laxatives)

Question 42

Generic – Pregabalin

Answer 42

> Brand – Lyrica®
Class – antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)
Background – abnormal hyperactive nerve functions are caused by seizures
Pharmacology – suppressing nerve activity from various mechanisms (e.g. sodium ion channel modulation, GABA receptor stimulation, glutamate receptor antagonism)
Indications – seizures, nerve pain, psychiatric disorders, fibromyalgia
Side Effects – drowsiness, mental slowness, weight gain, rash, SJS (rare)
Interactions – severe nerve system suppress when combined what other suppress nerve system drugs (e.g. benzodiazepines, opioids, alcohol)
(C-V depressant)

Question 43

Generic – Promethazine

Answer 43

> Brand – Phenergan®
Class – antiemetics
Background – neurotransmitters, acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine, and dopamine are associate to motion sickness, cancer chemotherapy, food poisoning, viral infections, etc, within nausea and vomiting
Pharmacology – many antiemetic drugs have different action mechanisms the block one or more neurotransmitters actions
Indications – nausea and vomiting, motion sickness
Side Effects – drowsiness, constipation
Interactions – increased drowsiness with opioids, benzodiazepines, alcohol, and/or other drugs
(Rx only)

Question 44

Generic – Promethazine

suppository

Answer 44

> Brand – Phenadoz®
Class – antiemetics
Background – neurotransmitters, acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine, and dopamine are associate to motion sickness, cancer chemotherapy, food poisoning, viral infections, etc, within nausea and vomiting
Pharmacology – many antiemetic drugs have different action mechanisms the block one or more neurotransmitters actions
Indications – nausea and vomiting, motion sickness
Side Effects – drowsiness, constipation
Interactions – increased drowsiness with opioids, benzodiazepines, alcohol, and/or other drugs
(Rx only)

Question 45

Generic – Psyllium Fiber

Answer 45

> Brand – Metamucil®
Indications – constipation
(OTC laxatives)

Question 46

Generic – Triamcinolone

nasal spray

Answer 46

> Brand – Nasacort®
Class – antihistamines
Indications – allergies
(OTC)