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Pharmacology > Drug excretion > Flashcards

Drug excretion Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs secreted into bile will ultimately pass through

A

the large intestine

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2
Q

Examples of drugs secreted by the large intestine

A

Vancomycin
Vincristine

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3
Q

Acid/Basic drugs are excreted in the saliva as a result of

A

Basic drugs as a result of passive diffusion

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4
Q

Examples of drugs excreted by the tongue

A

Phenytoin
Diazepam
Theophylline
Caffeine
Lithium

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5
Q

What qualities should drug molecules have to be able to pass from plasma across the eccrine and lachrymal glands

A

Lipophilic
Non-protein bound
Unionized

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6
Q

Drug excreted in tears

A

Cytarabine

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7
Q

Excretion through the lungs occurs mainly with

A

Anaesthetics

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8
Q

Through the skin/sweat (7)

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Antipyrine
  3. Benzoic acid
  4. Cocaine
  5. Salicylic acid
  6. Lead
  7. Mercury
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9
Q

Through the breast or breast milk

A

Aspirin

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10
Q

Drugs excreted through the hair

A

Phenobarbital
Methamphetamine
Methoxyphenamine

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11
Q

Renal excretion =

A

GF - TR + TS

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12
Q

Tubular reabsorption occurs by passive diffusion and requires

A

Lipid solubility

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13
Q

Features of Tubular secretion

A

Carrier mediated
Independent of size
Independent of protein binding

(Excretes most drugs~80%)

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14
Q

3 compounds not excreted by GF

A

Heparin(high m.w)
Albumin(high m.w plasma protein)
Warfarin(highly protein-bound)

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15
Q

Water, lipid soluble drugs and other lipid soluble drugs are reabsorbed at the PCT T/F

A

DCT

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16
Q

Tubular reabsorption occurs via passive diffusion from the tubules into

A

The peritubular capillaries

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17
Q

Formula for renal clearance

A

CLr=Cu/Cp x Vu

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18
Q

Types of half life

A

Biological
Plasma

19
Q

Biological t1/2 is the time taken for a substance to lose half of its

A

Physiological
pharmacological
radioactive activity

20
Q

Arrange these drugs according to their plasma t1/2
Methadone. Noradrenaline, Fluoxetine

A

Noradrenaline 2mins
Methadone 15hrs
Fluoxetine 6days

21
Q

Factors affecting drug excretion

A

Lipid solubility
pH
Enterohepatic cycling
Particle size
Protein binding
Drug interaction
Renal diseases

22
Q

Compounds used for alkalization

A

Sodium bicarbonate
Acetazolamide
Potassium citrate

✨SAP✨

23
Q

Compounds used for acidification

A

Ammonium Chloride
Sodium phosphate
Potassium phosphate

24
Q

Basic drugs

A

Morphine
Histamine
Serotonin
Dopamine
Pethidine

25
Q

Acidic drugs

A

Aspirin
Penicillin
Methotrexate
Indomethacin
Frusemide
Thiazide diuretics

AMPIT with an F

26
Q

Lipid solubility increases/decreases excretion

A

Decreases

27
Q

Enterohepatic cycling increases/reduces drug excretion

A

Reduces

28
Q

Drugs that undergo enterohepatic cycling

A

Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
Flurbiprofen
Leflunomide
Colchicine
Digitoxin
Phenytoin
Oestradiol

29
Q

What drug inhibits the excretion of penicillin

A

Probenecid
(by competing with it for tubular secretion at the proximal tubule)

30
Q

Normal GFR

A

100-130

31
Q

GFR in kidney disease

A

less than 60

32
Q

GFR in kidney failure

A

15

33
Q

Formula for absolute bioavailability (F)

A

AUCoral x 100% / AUCiv when dose are same
AUCoral x DOSEiv x 100% / AUCiv x DOSEoral when dose are different

34
Q

AUC =

A

1/2(l + b)h

35
Q

Relative bioavailability

A

AUCtest / AUCstandard

36
Q

To be bio equivalent the difference in relative bioavailabilities of two related drugs must not exceed

A

+/-20%

37
Q

2 main types of drug interaction

A

Pharmacokinetic DI
pharmacodynamic DI

38
Q

Example of alteration of absorption

A

Calcium(Antacids) bs tetracycline

39
Q

Alteration of metabolism

A

Efavirenz vs artemether/lumefantrine
(Efavirenz induces CYT P3A4 enzyme which metabolizes the anti malarial drug hence reducing their plasma conc.

40
Q

Types of pharmacokinetic drug interaction

A

Alteration of absorption
Alteration of metabolism

41
Q

Types of Pharmacodynamic Drug interaction

A

Additive toxicity
Therapeutic failure/Reduction in efficacy

42
Q

Example of additive toxicity

A

Concomitant use of NSAIDs and glucocorticoids increases the risk of gastric bleeding and worsens peptic ulcer disease

43
Q

Example of therapeutic failure

A

Concomitant administration of ascorbic acid or other antioxidants with ACT in the treatment of malaria

Pharmacology (11 decks)

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