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Principles of Disease > Drug delivery systems > Flashcards

Drug delivery systems Flashcards

1
Q

some types of drug delivery

A
  • oral
  • injection based
  • transdermal
  • carrier based
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2
Q

A drug delivery system can be formulated to

A
  • allow selective targeting of a tissue site
  • avoid pre- or systemic metabolism
  • allow a 24 hour action
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3
Q

What determines the drug delivery system we use

A
  • The dose of the drug to be given
  • The frequency of administration
  • The timing of administration
  • Desired speed of onset
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4
Q

things to consider when giving dose of drug

A
  • age and weight
  • impaired renal function?
  • impaired hepatic function?
  • consider disease
  • consider drug toxicity
  • starting dose and increasing dose to give desired effect
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5
Q

Oral delivery systems that are commonly used

A
  • suspensions
  • capsules
  • tablets
  • modified release tablets
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6
Q

Absorption of drugs is via the

A 
GI tract.
it can be :
- Buccal
- Sublingual
- Oral
- Rectal
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7
Q

Solutions and Suspensions are useful for

A
  • young
  • elderly
  • patients with swallowing difficulties
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8
Q

Solutions and Suspensions may be given via

A

naso-gastric or PEG tube

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9
Q

solution and suspension drugs and absorption

A
  • Drugs given in this way are absorbed extremely rapidly

- Absorption depends on gastric emptying and is most rapid from the small intestine

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10
Q

Suspensions are dispersions of

A

coarse drug particles in a liquid phase

  • dose can be contained in a small volume
  • Good for drugs which are insoluble unpalatable as they are better tolerated
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11
Q

Most commonly used formulation of drugs is

A

Tablets and Capsules

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12
Q

tablets and capsules rate limiting step

A

Dissolution or tablet break down is the rate limiting step in absorption

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13
Q

advantages of using capsules and tablets

A
  • convenience
  • accuracy of dose
  • reproducibility
  • drug stability
  • ease of mass production
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14
Q

enteric coated tablets differ from normal tablets as

A

enteric coating delays the degradation of the tablet until it reaches the small intestine

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15
Q

tablets are enteric coated to

A
  • protect drug from stomach acid omeparazole

- protect the stomach from the drug asprin

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16
Q

Prolonged release formulations are useful because

A
  • most disorders require prolonged therapy
  • maintains drug levels within therapeutic range
  • reduces the need for frequent dosing
  • compliance improved
  • improved nursing and doctor compliance
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17
Q

prolonged release formulations contain

A

more active drug but releases more slowly over a prolonged period of time

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18
Q

Oral Preparations have problems with

A

possible toxicity

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19
Q

Parenteral Preparations example

A

Intramuscular injections of flupentixol or risperidone

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20
Q

Surgical Implants example

A

Progesterone contraception

Testosterone

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21
Q

Prodrugs are

A

synthesised inactive derivatives of an active drug which it requires to be metabolically activated after administration

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22
Q

The advantages of using prodrugs are:

A
  • prolongation of duration of action

- avoidance of degradation of the drug in the gut

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23
Q

Buccal and Sublingual Administration Ideal method for drugs which have

A

extensive pre-systemic or first pass metabolism

  • Sublingual tablets are small and dissolve slowly under the tongue or in the buccal cavity
  • Most common example is GTN
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24
Q

Rectal Route involves

A

Suppositories, Creams and Liquids

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25
Rectal Route is useful for
- the young or old | - Patients unable to swallow
26
drugs may be administered rectally to
- treat local conditions such as proctitis - achieve systemic absorption (indomethacin) - Bypass pre-systemic metabolism
27
rectal route drugs are administered as
a suppository
28
Vaginal Route involves
Pessaries | Creams
29
drugs may be administered through vaginal route for
local disease
30
injection based drug delivery systems advantages:
- provides fast systemic effects bypassing first-pass metabolism - Drugs can be administered in unconscious or comatose patients - Drugs having short half-life can be infused continuously
31
Drugs are given intravenously when
- rapid onset of action is required - careful control of plasma levels is required - a drug has a short half-life
32
intravenous formulations may be given slowly to
prevent toxic effects
33
intravenous drugs have continuous fusion to
ensure accurate control of blood levels especially when a drug has a narrow therapeutic index
34
In intramuscular injections, an injection of the drug is given into
the muscle mass
35
intramuscular injection drugs may be
insoluble or formulated in an oil base | - this allows a sustained duration of action for up to months
36
Subcutaneous Injection administration
common route of administration - easy to use - bypasses the need for venous access used for insulin, heparin and narcotic analgesics (pain relief)
37
Dermojet is a
subcutaneous needle-less injection used for mass inoculation
38
pellet implantation is when
a drug is implanted under skin as a solid pellet. | - this provides a uniform systemic effect
39
example of pellet implantation
testesterone
40
Transdermal Drug delivery system is when
adhesive patches containing drug are applied on skin | - drug crosse skin surface by diffusion by precutaneous absorption and goes into systemic circulation.
41
advantage of transdermal drug delivery system
bypasses first-pass hepatic inactivation
42
Percutaneous includes
creams ointments skin patches
43
Drugs can be administered to the skin to
- achieve a local effect i.e steroids | - a systemic effect i.e HRT or nitroglycerin
44
recently developed skin patches allow
release of drug from reservoir into skin and then systemic circulation
45
Using skin patches it is possible to obtain controlled, sustained blood levels of the administered drug such as
- nicotine - nitroglycerin - opiates - HRT (hormone replacement therapy) - contraception
46
Transderm-SCOP (Scoplamine) is used for
motion sickness
47
Hydrogel transdermal patch:
Used in treatment of burns
48
Inhalation is used commonly to deliver drugs
- directly to the lung for local effect | - to achieve a systemic effect I.e anaesthetics
49
Advantages of inhalation of drugs
- Drug delivered directly to site of action - Rapid effect - Small doses used - Little systemic absorption - Reduced adverse effects
50
disadvantages of inhalation of drugs
patient education is essential
51
pharmaceutical carriers include
- micelles - vesicles - liquid crystals - nanocapsules - nanospheres - multifunctional dendritic polymers
52
Monoclonal antibodies act directly when
binding to a cancer specific antigen and induce immunological response to cancer cells. - have been modified for delivery of a toxin, cytokine or other active drug
53
Monoclonal antibodies have
monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope.
54
Pre-clinical and clinical liposomal packed drugs exhibit
reduced toxicities with enhanced efficiency
55
Using nanotechnology the drug can be
targeted to a precise location which would make the drug much more effective & reduce the chances of possible side-effects
56
nanotechnology advantages
- More specific drug targeting & delivery - Reduction in toxicity while maintaining therapeutic efficiency - Nanocarriers- Nanoparticles,Nanotubule,Nanoshell
57
carbon nanotubules are used in
treatment of Bronchial asthma
58
gold nonoparticles are used in
cancer chemotherapy. | - free radical generation
59
nanoerythrosomes are
resealed erythrocytes that can carry proteins, enzymes and macromolecules.
60
nanoerythrosomes are used for treatment of
- liver tumour - parasitic disease - enzyme disease
61
dendimers are
highly branched globular biodegradable synthetic molecule
62
modified buckyballs deliver
radioactivity to tumours. eg- C60 against CA colon - transfer of radiation is within ball hence minimises strong radiation to healthy tissue

Principles of Disease (27 decks)

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