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Principles of Disease > Drug delivery systems > Flashcards

Drug delivery systems Flashcards

1
Q

some types of drug delivery

A
  • oral
  • injection based
  • transdermal
  • carrier based
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2
Q

A drug delivery system can be formulated to

A
  • allow selective targeting of a tissue site
  • avoid pre- or systemic metabolism
  • allow a 24 hour action
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3
Q

What determines the drug delivery system we use

A
  • The dose of the drug to be given
  • The frequency of administration
  • The timing of administration
  • Desired speed of onset
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4
Q

things to consider when giving dose of drug

A
  • age and weight
  • impaired renal function?
  • impaired hepatic function?
  • consider disease
  • consider drug toxicity
  • starting dose and increasing dose to give desired effect
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5
Q

Oral delivery systems that are commonly used

A
  • suspensions
  • capsules
  • tablets
  • modified release tablets
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6
Q

Absorption of drugs is via the

A 
GI tract.
it can be :
- Buccal
- Sublingual
- Oral
- Rectal
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7
Q

Solutions and Suspensions are useful for

A
  • young
  • elderly
  • patients with swallowing difficulties
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8
Q

Solutions and Suspensions may be given via

A

naso-gastric or PEG tube

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9
Q

solution and suspension drugs and absorption

A
  • Drugs given in this way are absorbed extremely rapidly

- Absorption depends on gastric emptying and is most rapid from the small intestine

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10
Q

Suspensions are dispersions of

A

coarse drug particles in a liquid phase

  • dose can be contained in a small volume
  • Good for drugs which are insoluble unpalatable as they are better tolerated
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11
Q

Most commonly used formulation of drugs is

A

Tablets and Capsules

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12
Q

tablets and capsules rate limiting step

A

Dissolution or tablet break down is the rate limiting step in absorption

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13
Q

advantages of using capsules and tablets

A
  • convenience
  • accuracy of dose
  • reproducibility
  • drug stability
  • ease of mass production
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14
Q

enteric coated tablets differ from normal tablets as

A

enteric coating delays the degradation of the tablet until it reaches the small intestine

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15
Q

tablets are enteric coated to

A
  • protect drug from stomach acid omeparazole

- protect the stomach from the drug asprin

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16
Q

Prolonged release formulations are useful because

A
  • most disorders require prolonged therapy
  • maintains drug levels within therapeutic range
  • reduces the need for frequent dosing
  • compliance improved
  • improved nursing and doctor compliance
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17
Q

prolonged release formulations contain

A

more active drug but releases more slowly over a prolonged period of time

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18
Q

Oral Preparations have problems with

A

possible toxicity

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19
Q

Parenteral Preparations example

A

Intramuscular injections of flupentixol or risperidone

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20
Q

Surgical Implants example

A

Progesterone contraception

Testosterone

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21
Q

Prodrugs are

A

synthesised inactive derivatives of an active drug which it requires to be metabolically activated after administration

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22
Q

The advantages of using prodrugs are:

A
  • prolongation of duration of action

- avoidance of degradation of the drug in the gut

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23
Q

Buccal and Sublingual Administration Ideal method for drugs which have

A

extensive pre-systemic or first pass metabolism

  • Sublingual tablets are small and dissolve slowly under the tongue or in the buccal cavity
  • Most common example is GTN
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24
Q

Rectal Route involves

A

Suppositories, Creams and Liquids

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25
Q

Rectal Route is useful for

A
  • the young or old

- Patients unable to swallow

26
Q

drugs may be administered rectally to

A
  • treat local conditions such as proctitis
  • achieve systemic absorption (indomethacin)
  • Bypass pre-systemic metabolism
27
Q

rectal route drugs are administered as

A

a suppository

28
Q

Vaginal Route involves

A

Pessaries

Creams

29
Q

drugs may be administered through vaginal route for

A

local disease

30
Q

injection based drug delivery systems advantages:

A
  • provides fast systemic effects bypassing first-pass metabolism
  • Drugs can be administered in unconscious or comatose patients
  • Drugs having short half-life can be infused continuously
31
Q

Drugs are given intravenously when

A
  • rapid onset of action is required
  • careful control of plasma levels is required
  • a drug has a short half-life
32
Q

intravenous formulations may be given slowly to

A

prevent toxic effects

33
Q

intravenous drugs have continuous fusion to

A

ensure accurate control of blood levels especially when a drug has a narrow therapeutic index

34
Q

In intramuscular injections, an injection of the drug is given into

A

the muscle mass

35
Q

intramuscular injection drugs may be

A

insoluble or formulated in an oil base

- this allows a sustained duration of action for up to months

36
Q

Subcutaneous Injection administration

A

common route of administration

  • easy to use
  • bypasses the need for venous access

used for insulin, heparin and narcotic analgesics (pain relief)

37
Q

Dermojet is a

A

subcutaneous needle-less injection used for mass inoculation

38
Q

pellet implantation is when

A

a drug is implanted under skin as a solid pellet.

- this provides a uniform systemic effect

39
Q

example of pellet implantation

A

testesterone

40
Q

Transdermal Drug delivery system is when

A

adhesive patches containing drug are applied on skin

- drug crosse skin surface by diffusion by precutaneous absorption and goes into systemic circulation.

41
Q

advantage of transdermal drug delivery system

A

bypasses first-pass hepatic inactivation

42
Q

Percutaneous includes

A

creams
ointments
skin patches

43
Q

Drugs can be administered to the skin to

A
  • achieve a local effect i.e steroids

- a systemic effect i.e HRT or nitroglycerin

44
Q

recently developed skin patches allow

A

release of drug from reservoir into skin and then systemic circulation

45
Q

Using skin patches it is possible to obtain controlled, sustained blood levels of the administered drug such as

A
  • nicotine
  • nitroglycerin
  • opiates
  • HRT (hormone replacement therapy)
  • contraception
46
Q

Transderm-SCOP (Scoplamine) is used for

A

motion sickness

47
Q

Hydrogel transdermal patch:

A

Used in treatment of burns

48
Q

Inhalation is used commonly to deliver drugs

A
  • directly to the lung for local effect

- to achieve a systemic effect I.e anaesthetics

49
Q

Advantages of inhalation of drugs

A
  • Drug delivered directly to site of action
  • Rapid effect
  • Small doses used
  • Little systemic absorption
  • Reduced adverse effects
50
Q

disadvantages of inhalation of drugs

A

patient education is essential

51
Q

pharmaceutical carriers include

A
  • micelles
  • vesicles
  • liquid crystals
  • nanocapsules
  • nanospheres
  • multifunctional dendritic polymers
52
Q

Monoclonal antibodies act directly when

A

binding to a cancer specific antigen and induce immunological response to cancer cells.
- have been modified for delivery of a toxin, cytokine or other active drug

53
Q

Monoclonal antibodies have

A

monovalentaffinity, in that they bind to the sameepitope.

54
Q

Pre-clinical and clinical liposomal packed drugs exhibit

A

reduced toxicities with enhanced efficiency

55
Q

Using nanotechnology the drug can be

A

targeted to a precise location which would make the drug much more effective & reduce the chances of possible side-effects

56
Q

nanotechnology advantages

A
  • More specific drug targeting & delivery
  • Reduction in toxicity while maintaining therapeutic efficiency
  • Nanocarriers- Nanoparticles,Nanotubule,Nanoshell
57
Q

carbon nanotubules are used in

A

treatment of Bronchial asthma

58
Q

gold nonoparticles are used in

A

cancer chemotherapy.

- free radical generation

59
Q

nanoerythrosomes are

A

resealed erythrocytes that can carry proteins, enzymes and macromolecules.

60
Q

nanoerythrosomes are used for treatment of

A
  • liver tumour
  • parasitic disease
  • enzyme disease
61
Q

dendimers are

A

highly branched globular biodegradable synthetic molecule

62
Q

modified buckyballs deliver

A

radioactivity to tumours.
eg- C60 against CA colon
- transfer of radiation is within ball hence minimises strong radiation to healthy tissue

Principles of Disease (27 decks)

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