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Pharmacology > Drug Action > Flashcards

Drug Action Flashcards

0
Q

Chemical antagonism

A

An effect where the biological mediator cancels out the effect of the drug

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1
Q

Functional antagonism

A

An interaction where the effects of both drugs cancel each other out

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2
Q

Competitive antagonism

A

An effect where an drug binds to a receptor to cause no efficacy, and blocks out all other agonists

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3
Q

Synergism

A

The effect of the combination of 2 drugs is greater than the sum of its parts

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4
Q

Additive effect

A

The effect of 2 drugs is equal to the sum of its effects but no greater than its maximum effect

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5
Q

Potentiation

A

An effect where 1 of the 2 drugs has no effect but the 2nd drug boosts the effect of the first drug

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6
Q

Idiosyncratic effect

A

A situation where there is no effect or an unusual effect of a drug that is different from the suspected effects

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7
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Allergic reaction or an immune response

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8
Q

Tollerance

A

A decrease in intensity of a drug due to usage over time

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9
Q

Tachyphylaxis

A

Rapid decrease in responsiveness to a drug

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10
Q

Therapeutic index

A

A window where drug therapy is effective and not lethal. Within this window, the drug still has an effect on the body but outside the window it can have no effect or is lethal

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11
Q

First pass effect

A

An effect where the liver metabolizes the drug before sending it into systemic circulation.

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12
Q

Routes of administration

5 types

A
  • enteral
  • para enteral
  • aerosol
  • transdermal
  • topical
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13
Q

Types of enteral administration drug dosage forms

5 types

A
  • tablets
  • capsules
  • solutions
  • suspensions
  • suppository
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14
Q

Types of para enteral drug dosage forms

3 types

A
  • suspensions
  • solutions
  • depot
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15
Q

Types of inhalation drug dosage forms

2 types

A
  • aerosol

- gas

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16
Q

Types of transdermal drug dosage forms.

2 types

A
  • patches

- pastes

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17
Q

Types of topical administration

A
  • lotions
  • ointments
  • powders
  • solutions
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18
Q

What are the ways to administer paraenteral drugs

5 types

A
  • intravenous
  • intrathecal
  • intramuscular
  • Intraosseous
  • subcutaneous
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19
Q

Transdermal drug application

A

Applying to skin for prolonged drug administration. Drug defuses into body

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20
Q

What are topical drugs?

A

Application on to skin for localized treatment

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21
Q

Best drug administration to avoid first pass effect

5 points

A
  • sublingual/buccal
  • iv or injection above liver
  • rectal
  • aerosol
  • transdermal
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22
Q

Ways to diffuse through a membrane

A
  • aqueous
  • carrier mediated
  • lipid diffusion
  • pinocytosis
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23
Q

Potency

A

It’s where the effective concentration or dosage is 50% of the maximum effect

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24
Q

Lung availability / total systemic availability

L/T ratio

A

During administration of an aerosols drug, a portion of the drug enters the lungs and another hits the mouth and enters the GI tract for first pass effect. Drug that enters lungs over the drug that survives first pass is the LT ratio.

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25
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Drug or a chemical that binds to receptors and creates an effect on the body

26
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Chemical or drug that binds to receptors but does not create an effect on the body or blocks agonist

27
Q

What is bioavailability

A

The amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation

28
Q

What is enteral drug administration

A

Drug that is metabolized in the intestines

29
Q

What is inhalation of the drug

A

Taking the drug by breathing it in

30
Q

What is a localized effect

A

Treating a specific localized area in the body

31
Q

What is para enteral administration?

A

Administering a drug that does not go through intestinal metabolization

32
Q

What is systemic effect?

What can it cause?

A

-Pertains to the drugs affect on the whole body -potentially causing side effects

33
Q

What is structured activity relationship?

A

Relationship between the drugs chemical structure and the outcome has on the body

34
Q

What is a drug dosage form

A

The physical state of the drug when giving it to a patient.

35
Q

What is a route of administration

A

The portal of entry for a drug to the body

36
Q

Is the drug the only active ingredient in the medication?

A

-The drug is the active ingredient in dose formulation
-additives are added to help with metabolization/digestion of the drug in the body.
-for example:
Gelatin(pills) or HFA propellants (mdi)

37
Q

Ways to administer enteral drugs?

4 types

A
  • oral
  • sublingual
  • gastric tube
  • rectal
38
Q

What is intrathecal drug administration?

A

Injection of a drug into spinal cord

39
Q

What is Intraosseous drug admin?

A

Injection of drug into marrow bone

40
Q

What are two benefits of inhalation drug administration?

A
  • Localized effect

- reduced systemic exposure for reduced side effects

41
Q

What is aqueous diffusion?

2 things

A

Diffusion through aqueous compartments of the body like interstitial space.
-diffusion through a concentration gradient

42
Q

What is lipid diffusion

A

-diffusion across lipid membranes like epithelial cells.

Drugs have to be lipid soluble in order to diffuse across membranes (non-ionized/non-polar)

43
Q

What is Carrier mediated transport?

A

Drug resembles substances like sugars and amino acids and passes through membranes through those same channels.

44
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

Membrane engulfment and transport into cell interior by bypassing membrane barrier.

45
Q

What is bioavailability

A

Proportion of the drug that reaches systemic circulation

46
Q

What is MIC?

A

It’s the minimal inhibitory concentration.

-lowest concentration of a drug which microbial population is inhibited

47
Q

Factors that influence bioavailability

4 factors

A
  • absorption
  • inactivation by stomach acids
  • metabolic degradation
  • blood flow the absorption site
48
Q

When a drug is given intravenously, where does the drug travel first?

A

To the organs where there is most blood flow.

Like the brain first

49
Q

5 layers that the drug must travel before reaching blood stream.

A
  • Airway surface liquid
  • epithelial cells
  • basement membrane
  • interstitium
  • capillary vascular network
50
Q

With regards to metabolism,

What is a phase 1 biochemical reaction.

A

It converts the drug to a more water soluble form. Which can be excreted by the kidneys

51
Q

With regards to metabolism,

What is a phase 2 biochemical reaction.

A

The substance of further transformed by conjugating the substance with a metabolite.

52
Q

Are all drugs active till they are metabolized?

A

No,

Some drugs are INACTIVE until they are metabolized

53
Q

What is the principal organ for drug metabolism?

A

The liver

54
Q

What are some potential organs for drug metabolism other than the liver?

A
  • lung
  • intestinal wall
  • endothelial vascular wall
55
Q

What is the primary site of drug excretion?

A

Kidneys

56
Q

During drug excretion, what does the kidneys remove?

A

Drug metabolites produced by the liver

57
Q

What’s is COMT?

A

Catechol-o-methyltransfertase

-an enzyme that breaks down catecholamine

58
Q

What are the factors that can increase the L/T ratio.

4 factors

A
  • efficient delivery device
  • inhaled drugs with high first pass
  • mouth washing w/rinsing and spitting
  • use of spacer/reservoir device
59
Q

What protein does a beta adrenergic drug attach to?

A

It attaches to a transmembrane receptor of an intracellular enzyme called g-protein

60
Q

What does the g-protein stimulate?

A

Adenylyl-Cyclase

61
Q

What is the body’s response to a drug directly proportional to?

A

Concentration of the drug

62
Q

What happens if a drug is administered more frequently then it’s half-life?

A

Accumulation

Pharmacology (9 decks)

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