Dosage forms intro

Question 1

Define drug

Answer 1

substance that changes a biological system/ active ingredient in medicine

Question 2

define medicine

Answer 2

substance/mixture of substances used in restoring/preserving health

Question 3

define dose

Answer 3

the quantity of a drug/remedy (amount of drug administered at a time)

Question 4

define dosage

Answer 4

giving of medicine/therapeutic agent in prescribed amounts (amount + frequency of that amount)

Question 5

what are things to consider with giving medicines to patients?

Answer 5

• Who?
- diversity of patients
- patient first
- child? swallowing difficulties? allergies? kidney failure? night shift?
• What?
- disease/symptom
- with what? (pharmacologically active drug?)
• How?
- how are we getting medicine into the patient?
• Where?
- local? eg eyes/nose/ear?
- systematic
• When?
- how fast would we need/like therapeutic effect

Question 6

What is the difference between drugs and medicines

Answer 6

• A drug isn’t always a medicine
• A medicine doesn’t always contain a drug
• Raw active ingredient (drug) rarely given directly- pharmaceutical drugs are formulated into medicines by getting turned into dosage form

Question 7

What are excipients and what adverse reactions can they cause?

Answer 7

• ingredients that are intended to be inert such as for:
- flavourings
- colours
- antioxidants
- preservatives
- stabilisers, thickeners

• adverse reactions:
- aspartame- headache, hypersensitivity
- lactose- lactose intolerance

Question 8

What are the routes of administration?

Answer 8

• oral (solid, sterile liquid and non sterile liquid)
• inhalation
• nasal
• optic
• topical
• ocular
• parenteral
• rectal/ vaginal

Question 9

What are the oral (non sterile) liquid dosage forms routes of administration?

Answer 9

• syrup
• solution
• tincture
• suspension
• emulsion
• lotion
• elixir
• draughts
• enemas
• gargles

Question 10

What are the oral (sterile) liquid dosage forms routes of administration?

Answer 10

• injectables
• IV bolus
• eye drops (some can be dropped under tongue to be absorbed in bloodstream)

Question 11

What are the oral solid dosage forms routes of administration?

Answer 11

• tablets
• capsules
• granules
• sub lingual tablets
• buccal tablets
• effervescent tablets
• thin films
• medicated gums
• lozenges

Question 12

What are the inhalation routes of administration?

Answer 12

• dry powders
• liquid sprays
• aerosol

Question 13

What are the nasal routes of administration?

Answer 13

• drops
• sprays

Question 14

What are the optic routes of administration?

Answer 14

• topical
• intracochlear
• intratympanic

Question 15

What are the ocular routes of administration?

Answer 15

• drops (solutions, emulsions, suspensions)
• ointments
• contact lenses
• implantw
• inserts
• intravitreal

Question 16

What are the parenteral routes of administration?

Answer 16

• intramuscular (in muscle)
• subcutaneous (in fat)
• intravenous (in vein)
• intradermal (in skin epidermis)

Question 17

What are the topical routes of administration?

Answer 17

• semi-solid dosage forms (ointments, creams, lotions, gels and liniments)
• sprays
• transdermal patches

Question 18

What are the rectal/vaginal routes of administration?

Answer 18

• suppositories
• pessaries
• tablets
• enema
• creams and gels
• foams and sponges

Question 19

List the dosage forms in order of quickest time to work to slowest

Answer 19

• IV injections
• IM and SC injections, buccals
• tablets, capsules, solutions, mod rel
• enteric coated formulations
• depot injections, implants
• topical preparations

Question 20

Define pharmacodynamics

Answer 20

biological effects, including mechanisms, of a drug (what drug does to body)

Question 21

define pharmacokinetics

Answer 21

the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs and metabolites (ADME)- what body does to drugs

Question 22

What is a steady state within the therapeutic window?

Answer 22

• wide and narrow windows

Question 23

What are the physical and chemical properties considered in dosage forms rout design?

Answer 23

• particle size and SA
• solubility and dissolution
• partition coefficient and pKa
• polymorphism
• stability
• organoleptic properties (acceptability)

Question 24

define enternal

Answer 24

gut

Question 25

what are contained in hardshell capsules and soft shell capsules?

Answer 25

• Hard shell:
- solid contents eg powders/granules
• Soft shell:
- liquids eg oil

Question 26

What is buccal route?

Answer 26

near gum, under lip/cheek