DONT KNOW P2 Flashcards
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A NUCLEAR EVENT OCCURS
TOTAL BINDING ENERGY INCREASES
WHAT IS BINDING ENERGY
ENERGY REQUIRED TO SPLIT A NUCLEUS INTO ITS CONSTITUENT NUCLEONS
HOW IS FISSION INDUCED
BOMBARDING U235 WITH NEUTRONS TO MAKE U236 WHICH IS UNSTABLE AND CAN THEN UNDERGO FISSION
HOW ARE XRAYS PRODUCED
FIRING ELECTRONS AT A HEAVY METAL TARGET (TUNGSTEN)
WHAT DOES ATTENUATED MEAN
ABSORBED, REDUCED INTENSITY
SIMPLE SCATTERING IN XRAYS
PHOTON CHANGES DIRECTION
COMPTON SCATTERING IN XRAYS
PHOTON REMOVES ELECTRON, BUT RE-EMITTED AS A LONGER WAVELENGTH
HOW DOES TRANSMITTED XRAY INTENSITY VARY WITH DISTANCE
EXPONENTIALLY
WHAT DOES A CONTROL ROD DO
ABSORBS NEUTRONS, NO FISSION
WHAT DOES A FUEL ROD DO
CONTAIN URANIUM NUCLEI WHICH UNDERGO FISSION WHEN A NEUTRON IS ABSORBED
WHAT DOES A MODERATOR DO
SLOWS NEUTRONS DOWN SO THEYRE ABLE TO BE ABSORBED BY URANIUM NUCLEI IN ANOTHER ROD
WHAT DOES COOLANT DO
TAKES KINETIC ENERGY TO WATER TO MAKE STEAM, WHICH TURNS THE TURBINE
CAT ABBREVIATION
COMPUTERISED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY
CAT PROCESS
ROTATING X-RAY TUBE AROUND PATIENT.
RAYS DETECTED BY DETECTORS
BUILDS 2D CROSS SECTION IMAGES
WHY IS A LIQUID CONTRAST USED
TO HELP MAKE THE IMAGE CLEARER WHEN THERES LESS CONTRAST
A-SCAN FEATURES
STATIONARY TRANSDUCER
ONLY MEASURES DEPTH USING TIME TO REFLECT
GAMMA CAMERA COMPUTER
PROCESS SIGNALS TO PRODUCE IMAGES
GAMMA CAMERA PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES
CONVERT PHOTON ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
GAMMA CAMERA SCINTILLATOR
ABSORBS GAMMA PHOTONS AND RE-EMITS MANY VISIBLE PHOTONS
GAMMA CAMERA COLLIMATOR
ENSURES RAYS ARE PARALLEL INTO DETECTION CAMERA
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ULTRASOUND MEETS A MEDIUM WITH DIFFERENT ACOUSTIC IMPEDENCE
PARTIAL REFLECTION
B-SCAN FEATURES
MULTIPLE A-SCANS WHEN MOVING SIDEWAYS
2D IMAGE IS PRODUCED
TRANSDUCER PROCESS
PRODUCES ULTRASOUND BY VARYING PD TO AN ARRAY OF PIEZOELECTRIC SIGNALS, CRYSTALS VIBRATE AND ARE DETECTED, IMAGE IS PRODUCED
DOPPLER SCAN
MEASURES FLOW RATE BY DETECTING CHANGE IN FREQUENCY/WAVELENGTH OF ULTRASOUND REFLECTED OFF OF RED BLOOD CELLS
PET PROCESS
POSITRON RICH SUBSTANCE IS INJECTED IN
POSITRONS ANNIHILATE WITH ELECTRONS
PAIR OF PHOTONS PRODUCED
PHOTON PAIR DETECTED BY DETECTORS
POINT OF ORIGIN IS CALCULATED
IMAGE IS PRODUCED
ULTRASOUND GEL
ATTEMPTS TO MATCH ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE BETWEEN SKIN AND TRANSDUCER, TO MINIMISE REFLECTIONS BEFORE ENTRY
NUCLEAR WASTE PROCESS
FISSION FRAGMENTS INTO ACID POOLS
ENCASED IN POROUS GLASS - NO LEAKS
BURIED DEEP UNDERGROUND - MINIMISE RADIATION EXPOSURE TO ORGANISMS
WHAT HAPPENS IFTWO MEDIUMS HAVE EQUAL IMPEDANCE
ACOUSTICALLY MATCHED - NO SOUND IS REFLECTED
WHAT DOES A COHERENT LIGHT SOURCE HAVE
CONSTANT PHASE DIFFERENCE
HOW IS CONSTRUCTIVE/DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE DETERMINED
PATH DIFFERENCE IS MEASURED
ANTI PARTICLES CHARACTERISTICS
SAME MASS
OPPOSITE CHARGE
STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE PURPOSE
KEEPS NUCLEUS IN PLACE BY HOLDING NUCLEONS TOGETHER
MATTER AND ANTIMATTER CATEGORIES
LEPTONS & HADRONS
LEPTONS = NEUTRINOS, MUONS
HADRONS = BARYONS & MESONS
STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE REPULSIVE RANGE
UP TO 0.5FM
STRONG NUCLER FORCE ATTRACTIVE RANGE
0.5FM-3FM
WHAT IS PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT EVIDENCE FOR
SAYING WAVES BEHAVE LIKE PARTICLES
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT IN DETAIL
IF LIGHT IS FIRED AT METAL WITH SUFFICIENT FREQUENCY, AN ELECTRON WILL BE REMOVED FROM THE SURFACE OF THE METAL
ANNIHILATION
PARTICLE AND ITS ANTI-PARTICLE MEETING, ALL MASS IS CONVERTED INTO ENERGY IN THE FORM OF TWO PHOTONS, TO CONSERVE MOMENTUM
PAIR PRODUCTION
A PHOTON OF SUFFICIENT ENERGY IS CONVERTED INTO A PARTICLE AND ITS CORRESPONDING ANTI-PARTICLE
MOTOR EFFECT
CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD WILL EXPERIENCE A FORCE
WHAT DOES B STAND FOR IN F=BIL
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
HOW TO FIND MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
PLACE MAGNET ON WEIGHING SCALES
MEASURE MASS WHEN KNOWN CURRENT FLOWING
CONVERT FROM MASS TO WEIGHT (N)
MEASURE LENGTH OF WIRE IN FIELD
REARRANGE F=BIL TO CALCULATE B
WHAT DOES A SIMPLE GENERATOR CONSIST OF
A SPINNING COIL IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
WHAT IS CONSERVED IN INTERACTIONS
CHARGE
BARYON NUMBER
LEPTOP NUMBER
STOPPING POTENTIAL
ENERGY REQUIRED TO MAKE CURRENT 0
WORK FUNCTION
MINIMUM ENERGY REQUIRED TO REMOVE AN ELECTRON FROM THE SURFACE OF A METAL
THRESHOLD FREQUENCY
MINIMUM FREQUENCY REQUIRED TO REMOVE AN ELECTRON
WHAT DOES IN INCREASED INTENSITY OF LIGHT RESULT IN
GREATER RATE OF LIBERATION AND INCREASED CURRENT
WHAT IS FLUX
MEASURE OF HOW MUCH MAGNETISM PASSES THROUGH AN AREA
FARADAYS LAW
INDUCED EMF IS PROPORTIONAL TO RATE OF CHANGE OF FLUX LINKAGE
LENZ’S LAW
DIRECTION OF INDUCED EMF IS SUCH THAT IT OPPOSES THE CHARGE WHICH CAUSED IT
FREE CHARGED PARTICLE RULE
ANY CHARGE MOVING IN A MAGNETIC FIELD WILL EXPERIENCE A FORCE PERPENDICULAR TO ITS VELOCITY
BETA DECAY
BETA PARTICLE AND ANTINEUTRINO
BARYON NUMBER OF ALL QUARKS
1/3
WHAT HAPPENS TO FLUX WHEN COIL IS PARALLEL TO MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
ZERO
WHAT HAPPENS TO FLUX WHEN COIL IS PERPENDICULAR TO MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
AT A MAXIMUM
TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION
COILS WRAPPED AROUND SOFT IRON CORE
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A CHARGED PARTICLE ENTERS A FIELD AT A RIGHT ANGLE TO THE FIELD
ITS TRAJECTORY WILL BE PARABOLIC
RESISTANCE OF SUPERCONDUCTORS
0
RESISTIVITY DEFINITION
RESISTANCE OF A CUBE OF UNIT LENGTH SIDES
WHAT IS PD
MEASURE OF HOW MUCH ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED TO EACH COULOMB OF CHARGE
HOW ARE VOLTMETERS CONNECTED WITH COMPONENTS
IN PARALLEL
HOW ARE AMMETERS CONNECTED WITH COMPONENTS
IN SERIES
HOW CAN YOU SEE HOW CURRENT VARIES WITH PD
USE A VARIABLE RESISTOR IN SERIES TO VARY ITS P.D
SERIES CIRCUIT RULES
TOTAL PD SHARED BETWEEN COMPONENTS
CURRENT IS SAME FOR ALL COMPONENTS
TOTAL RESISTANCE = SUM OF RESISTANCES
PARALLEL CIRCUIT RULES
P.D OF EACH BRANCH = P.D OF BATTERY
CURRENT IS SPLIT BETWEEN BRANCHES
MORE RESISTORS IN PARALLEL = REDUCED RESISTANCE
EMF DEFINITION
ENERGY SUPPLIED TO EACH UNIT CHARGE
KIRCHOFF 1ST LAW
CURRENT CONSERVED AT ANY JUNCTION
KIRCHOFF 2ND LAW
SUM OF EMFS MUST EQUAL SUM OF PD IN CLOSED LOOP
WHAT DO POLARISING FILTERS DO
ABSORB LIGHT TRAVELLING VERTICALLY
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A WAVE TRAVELS THROUGH TWO POLARISING FILTERS
ALL LIGHT IS ABSORBED
WHAT TYPE OF WAVES CAN OSCILLATE IN ANY DIRECTION
TRANSVERSE
CAN LONGITUDINAL WAVES BE POLARISED
NO, THIS IS EVIDENCE THAT EM WAVES ARE TRANSVERSE
TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
WHEN ALL LIGHT IS REFLECTED AT A BOUNDARY BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT MEDIUMS
WHAT DO DIELECTRICS DO
INCREASE PERMITTIVITY WHICH INCREASES CAPACITANCE
WHAT IS FORMED AT AN OPEN TUBE END
ANTI-NODE
WHAT IS FORMED AT A CLOSED TUBE END
NODE
HOW DOES A CAPACITOR DISCHARGE
EXPONENTIALLY
WHAT DOES AN ANTI-NODE SHOW
CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE
WHAT DOES A NODE SHOW
DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE
VISIBLE LIGHT WAVELENGTH RANGE
400-750NM
WHAT DOES AN ‘OHMIC COMPONENT MEAN’
IT OBEYS OHMS LAW
WHAT IS ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
ENERGY REQUIRED TO MOVE A UNIT CHARGE FROM INFINITY TO A POINT
HOW DOES A CAPACITOR STORE CHARGE
ON PARALLEL PLATES
WHAT IS NUMBER DENSITY
HOW MANY FREE CHARGE CARRIERS ARE ABLE TO FLOW PER M3 OF A MATERIAL
WHAT DOES A GREATER NUMBER DENSITY MEAN
BETTER CONDUCTOR
WHAT IS THE TIME CONSTANT
TIME TAKEN FOR V TO DECREASE BY 37%
WHAT IS CAPACITANCE
CHARGE STORED PER UNIT PD
THERMISTOR
INCREASED TEMP = DECREASED RESISTANCE
LDR
INCREASED LIGHT INTENSITY = DECREASED RESISTANCE
HOW DO STATIONARY WAVES FORM
WHEN TWO WAVES, WHICH ARE TRAVELLING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS, INTERFERE. IF THEY HAVE THE SAME FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH, A STATIONARY WAVE WILL BE PRODUCED
RESISTANCE IN SERIES EQUATION
RT = R1 + R2 + …
RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL EQUATION
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + …
CAPACITANCE IN SERIES EQUATION
1/CT = 1/C1 + 1/C2 +…
CAPACITANCE IN PARALLEL EQUATION
CT = C1 + C2 + C3
FIXED RESISTOR GRAPH
Y=X
FILAMENT LAMP GRAPH
‘S’
DIODE GRAPH
‘J’
COULOMBS LAW
FORCE BETWEEN TWO OBJECTS IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE PRODUCT OF THEIR CHARGES AND INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE SQUARE OF THEIR SEPARATION
