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Block 2 Week 8 Neurological > DONE: Disorders: Increased Intracranial Pressure (IICP) > Flashcards

DONE: Disorders: Increased Intracranial Pressure (IICP) Flashcards

0
Q

A Coma Score of 9 to 12 correlates with what level of brain injury?

A

Moderate brain injury

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1
Q 
Headache. 
Pupillary changes. 
Changes in vital signs. 
Increased blood pressure.
Decreased pulse rate.
Changes in respiratory pattern.
Projectile vomiting. 
These are the \_\_\_\_\_\_ Signs of IICP?
A

Late

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2
Q

In the late stages of Uncal IICP of the Temporal Lobe the nurse will see what signs and symptoms of Cushing’s Triad?

A

Cushing’s Triad includes:

  1. A change in respirations often becoming labored, irregular and deep such as Cheney-Stokes respirations.
  2. A widening pulse pressure which is the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
  3. Bradycardia slow heart rate but the pulse is going to feel full and bounding.

Study Tip: During uncal herniation the innermost part of the Temporal lobe the Uncus can be squeezed so much that it moves towards the tentorium and puts pressure on the brainstem most importantly the midbrain.

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3
Q

Can drinking alcohol preserve cognitive function? What can this be combined with to make the patient smarter?

A

Studies show that social involvement and moderate alcohol consumption can help preserve cognitive function.

Exercise

Study Tip: This can be combined with exercise to make you smarter.

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5
Q

Why are anticonvulsants given to patients with increased intracranial pressure?

A

Anticonvulsants are given prophylactically to keep the patient from having a seizure when ICP increases.

Study Tip: The nurse would administer an anticonvulsant definitely for lobar which can lead to IICP. Anticonvulsants are used for seizure prophylaxis without suppression of cognitive abilities in patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

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6
Q

What is the generic/trade name of the most common prescription barbiturate used to decrease IICP?

A

Phenobarbital/Nembutal

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7
Q

How do barbiturates treat intracranial pressure?

A

High-dose barbiturates have a hypotensive effect so they are used to control IICP. Barbiturates also decreased cerebral metabolism. This medication decreases cerebral blood volume and intracranial pressure, due to increase in cerebrovascular resistance, and due to vasoconstriction.

Study Tip: ICP is decreased due to decrease in Cerebral Blood Volume due to vasoconstriction caused by increase in cerebrovascular resistance.
Ex. During acute hypertension at pressures above the autoregulatory limit, the myogenic constriction of vascular smooth muscle is overcome by the excessive intravascular pressure and forced dilatation of cerebral vessels occurs. The loss of myogenic tone during forced dilatation decreases cerebrovascular resistance, a result that can produce a large increase in cerebral blood flow (300–400%), known as autoregulatory breakthrough In addition, decreased cerebrovascular resistance increases hydrostatic pressure on the cerebral endothelium, causing edema formation

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8
Q

What is the generic/trade name of a the most common prescription corticosteroid used to decrease IICP?

A

Dexamethasone/Decadron

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9
Q

What is the generic/trade name of a the most common prescription anticonvulsant used to treat IICP?

A

Phenytoin/Dilantin used as prophylaxis to prevent seizures.

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9
Q

A study done in 2011 states that staying involved and being social, getting out, and moving around can _____ cognitive function.

A

preserve

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11
Q

Intracranial pressure is a balancing act between the hard container which is the skull and the _________, _________, and _________.

A

Brain Tissue
Blood
Cerebral spinal fluid

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12
Q

__________ is measured in the CSF.

A

Hydrostatic force

Study Tip: Hydrostatic force is the pressure exerted by a fluid within a closed system.

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13
Q

This is a normal balance of Brain Tissue + Blood + CSF= __________

A

Intracranial Pressure

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13
Q

What 5 locations in the brain can ICP be measured using a Pressure Transducer?

A 
Ventricles
Subarachnoid space
Subdural space
Epidural space
Brain tissue
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14
Q

What is the Normal range for ICP?

A

0-15 mm/Hg

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14
Q

The human body produces ______ of cerebral spinal fluid an hour; CSF is maintained by a delicate balance.

A

20-25mL

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15
Q

ICP is maintained at a relatively consistent pressure, and a relatively consistent volume of material inside the skull; if any of these 3 components increases: Brain Tissue + Blood + CSF, then intracranial pressure will _______.

A

Increase

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15
Q

Amount of cerebral blood flow in the brain in mL passing through 100 g of brain tissue in 1 minute is equal to ___ mL/min of brain tissue.

A

50 mL/min per 100 g of brain tissue

FYI: Cerebral Blood Flow
This is not something that we need to know right now, but if we hear it then we know what they are talking about.

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16
Q

_________ is a process where the brain can regulate its own blood flow in response to metabolic needs so even if there is wide fluctuations in systemic arterial pressure the brain can regulate that cerebral perfusion.

A

Autoregulation
FYI: Cerebral Blood Flow
This is not something that we need to know right now, but if we hear it then we know what they are talking about.

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20
Q

This disorder is caused by neurological changes which are developed after aspirin has been given to children with viral infections.
It is important to educate parents to be cautious when giving aspirin to children. What neurological disorder is this?

A

Reye’s Syndrome

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21
Q

Finish the Nursing Diagnoses related to IICP?

Ineffective tissue perfusion (cerebral) R/T

A

Reduction in arterial blood flow
or
Reduction in venous blood flow

Study Tip: anytime we use this type of diagnosis we NEED to be SPECIFIC about what tissue is going to lack perfusion.

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22
Q

What is the formula needed in order to calculate the cerebral perfusion pressure?

A

In order to calculate the CPP we take MAP (MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE) remember that a patient needs a MAP of 60 in order to survive and then subtract the ICP .
CPP = MAP-ICP

FYI: Cerebral Blood Flow
This is not something that we need to know right now, but if we hear it then we know what they are talking about.

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23
Q

Increased ICP is defined as a _______ above the upper limit of normal ICP and can be due to head trauma like a _______, hemorrhage, brain tumor, inflammation, ________, or brain tissue damage from other causes. This can be life threatening.

A

Sustained Pressure
Stroke
Hydrocephalus

Study Tip: Head trauma can cause edema in the brain.

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23
Q

What is a Vascular insult?

A

These are the physiological changes to a blood vessel that occurs after a CVA.

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26
Q

_________ is the amount of pressure that is needed to ensure blood flow to the brain; as this decreases autoregulation mechanisms fails and cerebral blood flow decreases or cranial blood flow decreases and that can lead to ischemia of brain tissue and death.

A

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)

FYI: Cerebral Blood Flow
This is not something that we need to know right now, but if we hear it then we know what they are talking about.

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28
Q

What is the Normal CPP range?

A

70-100 mm/Hg

FYI: Cerebral Blood Flow
This is not something that we need to know right now, but if we hear it then we know what they are talking about.

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28
Q

What 2 cerebral infections can increase ICP?

A

Meningitis and Encephalitis

Study Tip: This is because of the Inflammatory Response

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29
Q

Does digital overload from electronic devices occur in the brain?

A

Studies show that too much information coming in with all the social media, carrying our smart phones with us 24/7, people getting a hold of you all the time, it has been found that it is too much for your brain to evaluate; your brain cannot do too many things at one time; our brain may not be getting the full benefit of any one thing when it is doing too many things at one time.

Ex. A child watching tv, messaging her friends on the cell, and using social media at the same time on the tablet gives the brain too much to handle at once and our brain is not getting the full benefit of any one thing.

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30
Q

What 4 types of massive brain lesions can increase ICP? and Why?

A

Brain Abscess - Increased Fluid Volume.
Brain Tumor - Increased Brain Tissue
Hematoma - Increased Fluid Volume
Hemorrhage - Increased Fluid Volume

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31
Q

Cushing’s Triad was named after a doctor ________ who lived in the late 1800’s, early 1900’s and he was a neuro surgeon and he identified these 3 signs of IICP.

A

Harvey Cushing

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32
Q

What type of metabolic encephalopathic condition can increase ICP?

A

Hepatic Encephalopathy

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34
Q

An intracranial tumor called a ________ can crush the ventricles which will increase ICP.

A

Glialoblastoma

Study Tip: This happens because it changes the balance between the blood, CSF, and brain tissue by increasing the Brain Tissue.

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35
Q

What is the MOST common sign that your patient has a brain tumor?

A

Early morning headache which can wake the patient up because of the pain.
Study Tip: This occurs because cerebral spinal fluid and blood accumulate while the patient is lying down and because there is extra tissue in the brain because of the tumor, the extra material presses the brain against the inside of the skull. That increase in pressure on the brain causes the headache.

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36
Q

What should a nurse always remember about the clinical manifestations of a brain tumor?

A

The signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the tumor.

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37
Q 
Seizures
Nausea
Vomiting
Cognitive Dysfunction
Memory Problems, 
Personality and Mood Changes
Muscle Weakness
Sensory Losses
Disruption in Visual and Spatial functioning
Aphasia
These are clinical manifestations of what neurological disorder?
A

Brain Tumor

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38
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Aphasia is a disorder caused by damage to the parts of the brain that control language.

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39
Q

A _______ can make it hard for a patient to read, write, and say what they mean to say due to increased ICP.

A

Brain Tumor

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40
Q

What are the three most common collaborative nursing intervention diagnostic tests for patients with a brain tumor?

A

Surgery
Craniotomy
Radiation therapy > This is very common AFTER surgery!

41
Q

ASK ARBOGAST? _______ is a difficult treatment to implement to treat this neurological disorder because of the blood- brain barrier and because so many medications will NOT cross the blood brain barrier. There is something called the OMMAYA?? reservoir that will be discussed more later during the cancer treatment lecture that puts the medication directly into the ventricles of the brain and that helps with treatment and medications.

A

Chemotherapy

42
Q

Increased ICP results from what two brain injuries ________ and __________.

A

Cranial Insult > Brain Injury
Tissue Edema

Study Tip: Something that causes injury to the brain.  
Includes hematomas (intraparenchymal and extraparenchymal; immediate or delayed) elevations of intracranial pressure (ICP), brain swelling, edema, and vasospasm.
43
Q 
Increasingly Irritable
Restless
Changing vital signs
Decreased pulse rate
Increased systolic BP 
These are clinical manifestations of what neurological disorder?
A

Increased Intracranial Pressure

Study Tip: All of things signs and symptoms are modulated by the cranial nerves.

44
Q

If the nurses patients brain is swelling the nurse will need to be preforming and recognizing ANY change in the neurological status by collecting this assessment.

A

neurological bedside checks

45
Q

If your patient has liver disease they CAN develop _________ and become VERY confused due to the build-up of high levels of ammonia in their blood stream. Once a medication is given that improves their mentation dramatically.

A

Hepatic Encephalopathy

45
Q

The FIRST sign of a change in the level of ICP is the alteration in __________.

A

level of consciousness

46
Q 
Increasingly Irritable
Restless
Changing vital signs
Decreased pulse rate
Increased systolic BP 
Widening pulse pressure 
Altered Respiratory pattern
Pupillary Changes 
Changes in pupillary response to light  
Headache
Vomiting
Photophobia
Nuchal Rigidity(cannot put their chin to their chest because it would cause pain)
Projectile Vomiting
In an infant or young child there can be lethargy
These are clinical manifestations of what neurological disorder?
A

Increased Intracranial Pressure

Study Tip: All of things signs and symptoms are modulated by the cranial nerves.

48
Q

Compression of the blood vessels in the brain because of a tumor or injury can lead to a decrease in cerebral blood flow, which decreases oxygen sent to the brain, then brain cells die because of lack of oxygen, and then those dead brain cells develop edema around them because of the inflammatory process which responds to the injury. This increases the pressure due to the increasing amount of modulators being sent to the injured area of the brain. CO2 accumulates because _______ develops due to increased pressure on the brain stem because of the location of the foramen magnum; increased CO2 retention causes vasodilation which leads to increased ICP because of the increase volume of blood which is being sent to the brain in response to the CO2 retention.

A

Respiratory Depression
Study Tip: This creates a downward spiral because the original problem of the IICP causes more problems which is the decreased respirations, increasing CO2 retention which makes the original problem even worse because of the increased blood flow sent to the brain to compensate for the lack of O2 and that can cause death to the patient because it only further increases IICP.

49
Q

Cranial Insult > Tissue Edema > Increased ICP > ___________ > Decreased Cerebral Blood Flow > Decreased O2 > Death of brain cells > Edema around necrotic tissue > Increases ICP with compression of brain stem and respiratory center > Acculuation of CO2 > Vasodilation > Increased ICP because of Increased Blood Volume > Death of Patient

A

Compression of Blood Vessels

50
Q

ICP can be measured in the ventricles, the subarachnoid space, the subdural space, the epidural space, or in the brain tissue using a _________.

A

Pressure Transducer

50
Q 
Widening pulse pressure 
Altered Respiratory pattern
Pupillary Changes 
Changes in pupillary response to light  
Headache
These are clinical manifestations of what neurological disorder?
A

Increased Intracranial Pressure

Study Tip: All of things signs and symptoms are modulated by the cranial nerves.

51
Q 
Vision changes 
Increase in size of normal blind spots
-B/C the patient's line of vision is decreasing
Papilledema - Decreased Acuity
Decreased visual acuity
Altered levels of consciousness
Headache
Vomiting
Elevated temp
Focal signs
Seizures 
These are the Early Signs of what type of IICP?
A

Central IICP

Study Tip: Uncal & Central occur in the Temporal Lobe.
Central herniation a downward shift of the brainstem and the diencephalon due to a supratentorial lesion, which causes Cheyne-Stokes respirations with pinpoint nonreactive pupils.

52
Q

Vomiting
Photophobia
Nuchal Rigidity(cannot put their chin to their chest because it would cause pain)
Projectile Vomiting
In an infant or young child there can be lethargy
These are clinical manifestations of what neurological disorder?

A

Increased Intracranial Pressure

Study Tip: These are similar to symptoms of Meningitis because both have IICP as a clinical manifestation. All of things signs and symptoms are modulated by the cranial nerves.

53
Q

Compression of the blood vessels in the brain because of a tumor or injury can lead to a decrease in cerebral blood flow, which decreases oxygen sent to the brain, then brain cells die because of lack of oxygen, and then those dead brain cells develop edema around them because of the __________ which responds to the injury. This increases the pressure due to the increasing amount of modulators being sent to the injured area of the brain.

A

Inflammatory Process

REMEMBER: This inflammatory process mechanism is increasing the volume of the intracranial contents so there is more compression which increases intracranial pressure.

54
Q

What type of toxic conditions can increase ICP?

A

Lead Poisoning

Arsenic Poisoning

54
Q

Cranial Insult > Tissue Edema > Increased ICP > Compression of Blood Vessels > Decreased Cerebral Blood Flow > Decreased O2 > Death of brain cells > Edema around necrotic tissue > ______________ > Acculuation of CO2 > Vasodilation > Increased ICP because of Increased Blood Volume > Death of Patient

A

Increases ICP with compression of brain stem and respiratory center

56
Q

Decreased level of consciousness, stupor, and coma
Change in pupil size, equal, and reactivity
- One pupil is dilated and the other pupil is fixed and dilated.
Decorticate posture
Decerebrate posture
Absence of motor response
These are the Late Signs of what type of IICP?

A

Central IICP

Study Tip: DeCORticate posture is when the arms are drawn up towards the CORE of the body.
Decerebrate posture is when the arms are extended away from the body.

56
Q 
Unilateral pupillary dilation
Altered levels of consciousness
Headache
Vomiting
Elevated Temperature 
Focal Signs
Seizures 
If we do not treat this increase ICP our patient is going to die
These are the Early Signs of what type of IICP?
A

Uncal IICP - Temporal Lobe

57
Q 
In early stages of the \_\_\_\_\_\_  type of IICP the nurse will see these clinical manifestations:
Altered levels of consciousness
Headache
Vomiting
Elevated temp
Focal signs
Seizures
A

Uncal

Temporal Lobe

58
Q

Define Cushing’s Triad?

A

This is a group of 3 symptoms that we see when there has been a loss of the auto-regulatory system in the brain.
- Increased BP > Systolic Hypertension
- Decreased Heart Rate
- Decreased Respirations > Cheyne - Stokes > Labored and Irregular
IMPORTANT: This is a late sign of increased intracranial pressure.

59
Q

_______ occurs when there is a rise in the systolic BP in attempt to keep blood pumping to the brain to pump through the compressed blood vessels more easily to perfuse the brain.
BP goes up because the body is saying that we need blood flow to the brain; when this happens, decompensation is eminent; this patient is CRITICAL.

A

Cushing’s Triad

Study Tip: This means that the brains auto regulatory mechanism is failing.

60
Q

The Glasgow Coma Score is scored between 3 and 15, 3 being the worst, and 15 the best. It is composed of what three parameters?

A

Best Eye Response
Best Verbal Response
Best Motor Response

61
Q

There is going to be a widening pulse pressure, there is going to be bradycardia, the pulse is going to feel full and bounding, and there will be labored respirations, including irregular breathing specifically > __________ this is all combined known as Cushing’s Triad of ICP.

A

Cheyne - Stokes

62
Q

We need to be aware of these signs of ______ because it is an indicator that ICP is going up even more drastically and we need to take urgent, lifesaving measures including surgery to save this patients life.

A

Cushing’s Triad

63
Q

What are the Early Signs of IICP?

A 
Changes in LOC > Decrease
Papilledema > Puffy Eyes
Impaired Eye movement > fixed and dilated 
Decreased sensory function 
Decreased motor function 
Projectile Vomiting
64
Q

Anytime we have IICP we are going to see the symptoms of IICP regardless of the cause whether it was a lesion, an infection, or a metabolic disorder. This is because the patient will have a reduction of cerebral blood flow because the blood can’t get up into the damaged area of the brain. The brain tries to autoregulate the amount of fluid volume which will result in _______ after regulatory mechanisms fail.

A

Tissue Ischemia

65
Q

Etiology of IICP cerebral edema secondary to the initial damage. _________ for IICP include some type of trauma, brain tumor, hydrocephalus, intracranial hemorrhage due to closed head injury.

A

Risk Factors

65
Q

_______ injuries seem worse because the patient looks fine compared to someone that has an open head injury. Etiology of IICP cerebral edema is secondary to the initial damage.

A

Closed head

66
Q

Cranial Insult > Tissue Edema > Increased ICP > Compression of Blood Vessels > Decreased Cerebral Blood Flow > Decreased O2 > Death of brain cells > Edema around necrotic tissue > Increases ICP with compression of brain stem and respiratory center > Acculuation of CO2 > Vasodilation > _____________ > Death of Patient

A

Increased ICP because of Increased Blood Volume

67
Q

Finish the Nursing Diagnoses related to IICP?

Risk for disuse syndrome R/ T

A

Altered level of consciousness, immobility and altered nutritional intake.

68
Q

Do NOT forget Cushing’s Triad and if we are detecting changes in our patient for the worst, we really need to be on top of it and notify the Dr. immediately because our pt can die or have extensive/extend their injury.
These are Independent Nursing Interventions for Management of what Neurological Disorder?

A

Increased Intracranial Pressure

Assessment is so IMPORTANT.

69
Q

The goal in collaborative care is to identify and treat the underlining cause of the IICP and support _______ so that is what the interventions are aimed at during treatment.

A

Brain function

70
Q

ASK ARBOGAST? Assess LOC
Elevate the HOB a little bit. Why would the nurse do this?
Prevent Flexion of neck and hips. Why would the nurse do this?
Monitor Respiratory status to prevent Hypoxia. Why would the nurse do this?
Maintain a PaCO2 range from 30-35 mm/Hg. Why would the nurse do this?
Maintain body temperature. Why would the nurse do this?
Prevent shivering. Why would the nurse do this?
Keep the patient in a calm environment. Why would the nurse do this?
These are Nursing Interventions for Management of what Neurological Disorder?

A

Increased Intracranial Pressure

Because during neurological changes LOC is the first to change.
Because this will decrease the flow to the brain which will increase ICP and to promote venous blood drainage from the head.
Because that will slow down blood flow and inhibit draining of blood from the head.
Because hypoxia means increased CO2. CO2 retention causes vasodilation which causes increase blood flow to the brain which increased ICP in the brain so we will want to keep the CO2 around 30-35 mm/Hg. PaCO2 30-35 mm Hg
REMEMBER > CO2 is normally 35-45 so we want to keep the patient on the alkalotic side.
Because if the patient gets cold and starts shivering that will increase oxygen usage which will increase CO2 levels in the blood.
Because shivering will cause the body to use more O2 than necessary.
Because you have to decrease environmental stimuli this can lead to a seizure???

71
Q 
Assess LOC
Elevate the HOB. 
Prevent Flexion of neck and hips. 
Monitor Respiratory status. 
Maintain a PaCO2 range from 30-35 mm/Hg. 
Maintain body temperature. 
Prevent shivering. 
Keep the patient in a calm environment. 
These are Nursing Interventions for Management of what Neurological Disorder?
A

Increased Intracranial Pressure

72
Q

ASK ARBOGAST? What labs would you monitor for a patient with Increased Intracranial Pressure?

A

Electrolyte levels - Which? & Why?
Acid/base balance - Monitor for CO2 Retention
I/O - Monitor for Fluid Retention

73
Q

What would you recommend your Dr. to order for a patient with increased intracranial pressure?

A

Fluid Restriction of 1200 mL/day

74
Q

What would you educate you patient to avoid to prevent an increase in ICP?

A
  • Avoid Straining > Use Stool Softeners
  • Avoid Coughing
  • Avoid Sneezing

Study Tip: These can all increase intracranial pressure.

75
Q

The nurse should avoid using this technique on a patient with increased intracranial pressure? Why?

A

-Avoid Valsalva Manuever

Because it stimulates the vagus nerve.

76
Q

What happens during a brain herniation?

A

There is increased pressure and there is limited amount of space which forces part of the brain to herniate down the foramen magnum and is a life threatening occurrence because it smashes the brain stem which controls the patients vital signs.

77
Q

Why do nurses use the Glasgow Coma Scale?

A

It is a very quick, practical and standardized to assess the degree in impaired consciousness.

78
Q

Patent airway maintained
Intracranial pressure maintained within normal limits
Normal fluid and electrolyte imbalance maintained
No complications secondary to immobility
No decreased level of consciousness
These are the overall goals for a patient with what neurological disorder?

A

Increased Intracranial Pressure

79
Q

Name the 4 Best Eye Responses in Order?

A
  1. No eye opening.
  2. Eye opening to pain.
  3. Eye opening to verbal command.
  4. Eyes open spontaneously.
80
Q

The phrase “GCS of 11” is essentially ____________. It is important to break the figure down into its components?
Ex. E3V3M5 = GCS 11.

A

Meaningless

81
Q

Name the 5 Best Verbal Responses in Order?

A
  1. No verbal response
  2. Incomprehensible sounds.
  3. Inappropriate words.
  4. Confused
  5. Orientated
82
Q

A Coma Score of 13 or higher correlates with a ________.

A

Mild brain injury

83
Q

Name the 6 Best Motor Responses in Order?

A
  1. No motor response.
  2. Extension to pain.
  3. Flexion to pain.
  4. Withdrawal from pain.
  5. Localizing pain.
  6. Obeys Commands.
84
Q

Name the generic/trade names of the 4 drugs that are implemented during increased intracranial pressure drug therapy to treat the symptoms?

A

Mannitol/Osmitrol - Osmotic Diuretics
Dexamethasone/Decadron - Corticosteroids
Pentobarbital/Nembutal
Phenytoin/Dilantin

85
Q

A Coma Score of 8 or less correlates with a __________.

A

Severe brain injury

86
Q

This is an example of how intracranial pressure is measured by taking MAP-ICP= CPP; we will see this more in Block 4, but it gives us an idea of how to measure ICP

A

FYI LOOK AT SLIDE 16

88
Q

ASK ARBOGAST? How do osmotic diuretics decrease intracranial pressure?

A

This is an osmotic diuretic that when given IV it can decrease ICP in 2 ways:

  1. Plasmic spansion??
  2. Osmotic effects so it is pulling fluid into the vasculature, fluid moves from the tissue into the blood vessels then the ICP decreases because there is a decreased total blood volume.
89
Q

What types of head injuries can increase ICP?

A

Contusions - Bleeding and Brain Swelling
Hemorrhage - Bleeding
Post Traumatic - Brain Swelling
Brain surgery - Brain Swelling

89
Q

Finish the Nursing Diagnoses related to IICP?

Decreased intracranial adaptive capacity R/T

A

Decrease cerebral perfusion or sustained increase in ICP

91
Q

What is the generic/trade name of a the most common prescription osmotic diuretic used to decrease IICP?

A

Mannitol/Osmitrol

92
Q

What three ways do corticosteroids treat intracranial pressure?

A

Corticosteroids are used for their effective anti-inflammatory response.
First they are used to control the vasogenic edema that normally surrounds tumors and abscesses.
Secondly it prevents the formation of pro-inflammatory mediators???
Lastly it helps to restore autoregulatory mechanisms in the brain.

93
Q

The ______ is the collateral circulation of the brain; this blood supply rises from the internal carotid artery and vertebral artery and this functions as a back-up system if there is a stroke on one side of the brain or the other and it affected any of these vessels then circulation to the brain would continue so this is creating redundancy in cerebral circulation and this is important for the survival of a patient who has had a stroke.

A

Circle of Willis

93
Q

What are the Infant Signs of IICP?

A

Bulging fontanelles.
Cranial sutures separation.
Increased head circumference.
High-pitched cry.

Block 2 Week 8 Neurological (14 decks)

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