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Domestic 1945 onwards Flashcards

1
Q

How did Truman change the white house after FDR’s death

A

replaced many of FDR’s officials
e.g Attorney General Howard McGrath was the centre of a corruption scandal which tarnished Truman’s reputation

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2
Q

what was the CEA

A

The Employment Act of 1946 created the CEA to help the President formulate economic policy
Was a mixture of conservatives and liberals but remained under Truman’s control

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3
Q

economic challenges Truman faced

A

transitioning from a wartime to peacetime economy

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4
Q

Limitations of the 1946 employment act

A

toothless. Congress couldn’t decide on anything

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5
Q

when did Truman face strikes

A

1945-46

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6
Q

what did Truman do in response to strikes

A

recommended mediation
threatened striking railroad workers with the draft
took a union (United Mine Workers) to court

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7
Q

Issues with postwar economy

A

consumer goods took a while to appear on shelves
when price controls disappeared prices increased

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8
Q

rise in price of meat 1946 and government response

A

doubled in a two week period
so brought back price controls
meat producers were angry and witheld meat from the market

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9
Q

Truman’s popularity rating September 1946

A

32%

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10
Q

who controlled Congress in 1946

A

the Republicans

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11
Q

how was union power reduced 1947

A

Congress passed Taft-Hartley bill, which limited the power of labor unions by curbing union participation in politics
Truman vetoed this but Congress overrode his veto

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12
Q

How did Truman show his support for liberal initiatives

A

vetoed Republican tax bills perceived as favoring the rich and rejected a Republican effort to raise tariffs on imported wool, a measure he deemed isolationist

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13
Q

How did Truman support civil rights

A

1947, Truman became the first President to address the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), to whom he declared his forthright support of African-American civil rights
announced that he would issue executive orders—in the future—to desegregate the armed forces and to prohibit discrimination in the civil service

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14
Q

limitations to Truman’s civil rights reform

A

1948, he sent his civil rights proposals to Congress, but did little to urge their passage

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15
Q

when did Truman announce the Fair Deal

A

1949

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16
Q

what did Truman use to investigate federal workers

A

Executive order 9835 to check the loyalty
3000 forced out of their jobs

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17
Q

what was Truman criticised for for not supporting

A

not supporting Civil Rights or Israel enough

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18
Q

GNP from 1945 to 1960

A

more than doubled, jumping from $212 billion in 1945 to $504 billion in 1960

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19
Q

What did Eisenhower do for Civil Rights

A

spoke publicly about his belief in equal opportunity for all
during his first term ordered desegregation of all public facilities in Washington, DC 1953

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20
Q

when was Brown v Board of Education

A

1954

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21
Q

Eisenhower’s response to Brown v Board

A

would not comment publicly on it but said he would uphold the constitution

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22
Q

when was the little rock 9

A

1957

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23
Q

What was Eisenhower’s reaction to the little rock 9

A

10k said he would uphold the constitution but did not believe in forced integration
sent federal troops but only after a while

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24
Q

Eisenhower’s approval ratings

A

often above 70%

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25
What did Eisenhower call his approach to politics and what was it
modern republicanism preserved individual freedom and the market economy insured that government would provide necessary assistance to workers
26
what did Eisenhower do to improve people's lives
expanded Social Security, increased the minimum wage, and created the Department of Health, Education and Welfare supported government construction of low-income housing but favored more limited spending than had Truman
27
how many miles of road were created under the 1956 Interstate Highway programme
41,000-mile road system
28
Eisenhower's relationship with Congress
often got his own way, especially in his first term but congress spent more than he would have preferred
29
increase in domestic spending under Eisenhower
31 percent of the budget in 1953 to 49 percent in 1961
30
decrease in spending in terms of GDP under Eisenhower
declined from 20.4 to 18.4 percent
31
mild recessions under Eisenhower
1953-1954 1957-1958
32
unemployment and inflation under Eisenhower
Unemployment was generally low, and inflation usually was 2 percent or less
33
personal income under Eisenhower
personal income increased by 45 percent
34
how many in poverty when Eisenhower left office and geographical distribution
40 million South had more than half of those in poverty
35
limitations of McCarthy's accusations
never led to a single indictment or conviction for espionage or treason
36
which scientist confessed to giving secrets to Moscow 1950
Klaus Fuchs
37
Who was executed by electric chair in 1953
Ethel Rosenburg
38
Which communist group was Lee Harvey Oswald part of
Fair Play for Cuba
39
When were the Kent State shootings and what happened
1970 13 students shot at a Vietnam protest
40
Reaction to the Kent State shootings
further protests at 1,300 universities
41
How many members did the NAACP have by 1945
450,000
42
When was Emmett Till murdered
1955
43
When was the Montgomery Bus boycott
1955
44
How many people were involved in the bus boycott and how long did it last
50,000 381 days
45
What was founded in 1972 to help the economic status of African-Americans
PUSH
46
How many race riots were there 1964-66
300
47
Gender pay inequality 1945
women earned 50-60% less for the same job
48
Who put pressure on JFK to enact the equal pay act
Eleanor Roosevelt
49
When was the equal pay act
1963
50
When was the National Organisation for Women formed
1966
51
How many members did the NOW have by 1970
40,000
52
How much did the NOW get back for underpaid women in the past
$30m
53
average GDP growth in the 60s
5%
54
How much did LBJ cut tac by
around 20%
55
Decrease in % of Americans under the poverty line in the 60s
20% to 12%
56
What did LBJ set up for healthcare and what did it do
medicare 1965- healthcare for the elderly medicaid- state funding for healthcare for the poor
57
Discrimination in 1965 Americus
local minister had been photographed holding a gun and blocking African-Americans from entering his church
58
What did Truman raise the minimum wage to in 1949
75 cents
59
What civil rights legislation did Eisenhower pass and what did it do
1957 Civil Rights Act Discrimination on the basis of race in any or all public places banned. It was now unlawful for a business employing over 25 people to discriminate on the basis of ‘race, national origin, religion or sex’.
60
Limitations of 1957 CRA
did little for housing and voting rights
61
What did Eisenhower urge advocates of desegregation to do
go slowly
62
Causes of 1950s/60s boom
change of consumer attitudes, baby boom etc.
63
what reinfoced the traditional gender roles in the 1950s
baby boom
64
how many people claimed disability ss benefits by 1960
559,000
65
unemployment in 1960
6.8%
66
How many troops were sent to the Uni of Mississippi to protect a black student 1962
30,000
67
JFK corporate tax reduction
52% to 48%
68
growth rate in 1966
6.6%
69
How much did JFK spend on public works
$900,000,000
70
Limitations of JFK's slum housing clearance
created a housing shortage
71
When was the Employment opportunity act
1972
72
what did the Employment opportunity act do
gave the EEOC more power to enforce against workplace discrimination
73
What did Nixon abolish in 1971
Bretton Woods system
74
What was the value of the $ in the BW system
$35/ oz
75
problem with the value of the $
had not been changed since 1945
76
problems with overvaluation
interest rates higher
77
how many more dollars than gold in federal reserved by 1971
4x the amount
78
problems with the BW system
the US could not devalue the $ as people would lose trust could lead to bankrupcy and financial crisis if people asked for their money bacl
79
interest rates in 1970
6.825%
80
unemployment in 1971
6%
81
unemployment 1972
5.2%
82
What did Nixon's family assistance scheme 1969 do
provided poor families with $1,500/yr
83
What did Nixon block
renewal of 1965 Voting Rights Act
84
inflation in 1973
8.7%
85
US per capita income in 1945
$1450, nearly x2 that of Britain
86
how many calories per day did urban americans consume 1945
3,000
87
how many US homes did not have flushing toilets in 1947
40%
88
sales of new cars 1945 vs 1950
69,500 vs 6.7m
89
who were the 'big three' of the car industry
Ford, general motors and chrysler
90
how many different car models on sale in 1961
350
91
when did the first holiday inn open
1952
92
when did the first McDonald's open
1955
93
average family wage 1953
$4,000
94
How many TVs in the US by 1960
50m
95
how many supporters of sit ins and arrests by 1961
70,000 3,000
96
what were freedom rides and when did they begin
1961 people who rode on desegregated interstate busses into segregated southern states
97
which organisation organised peaceful marches
SNCC Student non-violent coordination committee
98
when was the Birmingham Alabama segregation march
1963
99
how many were arrested at the Birmingham march
2,000 1,300 children
100
what was the name of the police chief at the Birmingham protest
Bull O'Connor
101
When was the march on washington and how many took part
1963 250,000
102
who led Nation of Islam in the 1960s
Elijah Muhammed
103
membership of nation of Islam 1952-64
100,000
104
when did Malcom X leave nation of islam and when was he killed
1964 1965
105
which organisation supported the black power movement by 1966
SNCC
106
what was black power's key slogan
black is beautiful
107
when were the black panthers founded
1966
108
what did black panthers do
served breakfast to children, established healthcare clinics etc.
109
how many black panther members 1968 and when did membership dwindle
5,000 1969
110
what was the SNC and when was it established
1959 student protest movement
111
what were some of the SDC's beliefs
anti anti-communism for disarmament help the poor
112
SDC membership by 1960
100,000 members
113
when did the SDC get noticed and why
1964 sit in protest at Berkley against them bannin political activism
114
who were the Chicago 7/ 8
SDS protesters who were arrested in 1968 for creating a riot in order to destroy the pro-war candidate's election chances
115
who were the weathermen
more radical group of the SDC in the late 1960s who bombed government buildings
116
how many anti-war demonstrations in 1968
over 100
117
how many attended the anti-war protest in DC in 1969
700,000
118
what was the Feminist Mistique
book by Betty Friedman 1963 said there was more to life than being a housewife
119
what happened at the 1968 Miss World contest
feminists picketed outside as they saw it as degrading crowned a sheep Miss World in protest
120
why was the WLM harmful
painted a radical picture of feminists
121
when was the Roe V Wade victory
1973
122
when was the Educational Amendment Act and what did it do
1972 outlawed sex discrimination in education so boys and girls followed the same curriculum
123
limitations of the Educational Amendment Act
took a while for girls to recieve the benefits of the changes
124
what % of white collar workers were women by 1970 vs 1950
40 vs 48
125
when was a black mayor elected in LA
1970
126
how many black mayors in 1960
none
127
black teenage employment 1970s
50%
128
proportion of black families earning over $10,000/yr 1960 vs 1970
from 3% to 31%
129
unemployment among native americans vs general population
10x higher for natives
130
life expectancy and suicide rates in native americans
20yrs shorter, 100x greater

US History (15 decks)

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