Domain F: Behavior Reduction Interventions Flashcards
Components of Behavior Intervention Plan
Target Behavior
1.Identifying Behavior
-operational definition
-onset/offset
-course of behavior-baseline data
2.History of the problem
3.Antecedent analysis
-Setting events
-Trigger events
4.Consequent analysis
5.Impressions and analysis of hypothesized function
Behavior Intervention Plan
a.Ecological interventions
b.Training of replacement behaviors
c.Focused intervention strategies
d.Reactive strategies
e.Data collection procedures
Components of token economies
Backup Reinforcers
Backup Reinforcers
Reinforcers exchanged after meeting the criteria for a specific token contingency. Most token economies can use naturally occurring activities and events as backup reinforcers.
However, play materials, hobby-type games, snacks, television time, allowance, permission to go home or downtown, sports events, and coupons for gifts or special clothing could also be used as backup reinforcers because these objects or items tend to occur in many settings.
Components of token economies
Generalized Reinforcers
A generalized conditioned reinforcer is when a stimulus is paired with more than one kind of backup reinforcer.
Components of token economies
Response Cost
Response cost
Response cost is a form of punishment in which the loss of a specific amount of reinforcement occurs, contingent on an inappropriate behavior, and results in the decreased probability of the future occurrence of the behavior.
Components of token economies
Ratio Strain
Ratio Strain
Ratio strain can result from abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules. Common behavioral characteristics associated with ratio strain include avoidance, aggression, and unpredictable pauses in responding.
Time Out Procedures
Time-out from positive reinforcement, or simply time-out, is defined as the withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive rein-forcers for a specified time, contingent on the occurrence of a behavior.Time-out is a negative punisher, and it has the effect of reducing the future frequency of the behavior that preceded it.
Within the non-exclusion type, planned ignoring, withdrawal of a specific positive reinforcer, contingent observation, and time-out ribbons are the main methods.
Within exclusion time-out, the time-out room, partition time-out, and hallway time-out serve as the principal methods.
Time-out is a desirable alternative for reducing behavior because of its ease of application, acceptability, rapid suppression of behavior effects, and ability to be combined with other approaches.
Differential Reinforcement Procedures
All applications of differential reinforcement entail reinforcing one response class and withholding reinforcement for another response class.When used as a reductive procedure for problem behavior, differential reinforcement consists of two components: (a) providing reinforcement contingent on either the occurrence of a behavior other than the problem behavior or the problem behavior occurring at a reduced rate, and (b) withholding reinforcement as much as possible for the problem behavior.
A practitioner applying differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI) reinforces a behavior that cannot occur simultaneously with the problem behavior and withholds reinforcement following instances of the problem behavior.
A practitioner using differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) reinforces occurrences of a behavior that pro-vides a desirable alternative to the problem behavior but is not necessarily incompatible with it.
A practitioner using differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) delivers a reinforcer whenever the problem behavior has not occurred during or at specific times.
When reinforcement is applied in this manner as an intervention to reduce the occurrences of a target behavior, the procedure is called differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL).
Behavior Contrast
Refers to the phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.
Behavioral contrast can occur as a function of a change in reinforcement or punishment density on one component of the schedule.
Functional Assessments and Function of Behavior
Functional Assessments:
Functional behavior assessment(FBA) enables hypotheses about the relations among specific types of environmental events and behaviors. Specifically, FBA is designed to obtain information about the purposes (functions) a behavior serves for a person.
Functions of behavior:
Escape: Many behaviors are learned as a result of their effective-ness in terminating or postponing aversive events
Attention: Problem behavior often results in immediate attention from others, such as head turns; surprised facial expressions; reprimands; attempts to soothe, counsel, or distract; and so on. These reactions can serve to positively reinforce problem behavior (even if inadvertently), and the problem behavior is then more likely to occur in similar circumstances.
Automatic:Some behaviors do not depend on the action of others to provide an outcome; some behaviors directly produce their own reinforcement
Access: Many behaviors result in access to reinforcing materials or other stimuli
Group Contingencies
Independent
Dependent
Interdependent
In a group contingency a common consequence is contingent on the behavior of one member of the group, the behavior of part of the group, or the behavior of the whole group.
Independent group contingencies:An arrangement in which a contingency is presented to all members of a group, but reinforcement if delivered only to those group members who meet the criterion outlined in the contingency.
Dependent group contingencies: The reward for the whole group is dependent on the performance of an individual student or small group.
Interdependent group contingencies: All members of the group must meet the criteria of the contingency.
Components of Contingency Contracts
Task
Reward
Task record
A contingency contract is a document that specifies a contingent relationship between the completion of a target behavior and access to, or delivery of, a specified reward.
Task: The task component consists of four parts
Who
What
When
How
Reward: Must be as complete and specific as the task.
Who
What
When
How much
Task record: records task completion and reward delivery so both parties can review regularly.
Ethical considerations related to behavior reduction interventions (e.g., extinction, time-out procedures, group contingencies, punishment procedures)
Ethical considerations regarding the use of punishment revolve around three major issues: the client’s right to safe and humane treatment, the professional’s responsibility to use least restrictive procedures, and the client’s right to effective treatment.
Punishment may be a choice when the problem behaviors produce serious harm, reinforcement based treatment have not reduced the problem behavior to socially appropriate levels, or the reinforcer maintaining the problem behavior cannot be identified or withheld.
