Domain 3: Exercise Counseling And Behavior Modifcation Flashcards
Proper breathing technique during strength exercises includes an ________ during the concentric contraction, and ________ during the eccentric phase.
Exhale; inhale ( Remember E does not equal eccentric - said by Debbie )
Explanation:
As a general rule, the client should inhale before starting the lift, exhale when performing the concentric contraction, and inhale during the eccentric phase of exercises.
Which of the following is a role of the EP-C regarding client use of prescription or over-the-counter medications?
Encouraging clients to communicate any changes in medication routine
Explanation:
It is never the role of the EP-C to administer, prescribe, or educate clients on use or effects of medications. However, clients taking medication should be strongly encouraged to communicate any changes in medication routines to the EP-C.
According to the Transtheoretical Model, a client who has made specific and measurable changes in her activity in the past 6 months is in which stage of change?
Action
Explanation:
The action stage includes individuals who have made specific and measurable changes in the past 6 months.
In learning theory, factors that increase the likelihood of adhering to an exercise program are also referred to as:
Stimuli.
Explanation:
Relating to exercise, the EP-C can identify what factors (stimuli) increase the likelihood of adhering to an exercise program.
The saying “if in doubt, refer out” means:
EP-Cs should refer clients to health care professionals in situations where they are unsure if a referral is needed.
Explanation:
Certified Exercise Physiologists who provide services outside their scope of practice put themselves and their clients at risk; if in doubt as to whether or not a client should be referred to another health care professional before working with them, EP-Cs should be cautious and refer them first.
Using a behavior contract is one strategy that may be implemented when the client demonstrates a need for:
Extrinsic motivation.
Explanation:
Extrinsic motivation is the type of motivation that comes from an external source such as a behavioral contract or agreement.
Which of the following theories identifies intention as the primary influence that determines behavior?
Theory of planned behavior
Explanation:
The theory of planned behavior identifies intention as the primary influence in determining behavior.
To help your client transition from the contemplation stage of change to the preparation stage of change, you should intervene using:
Educational materials.
Explanation:
Often, after a client in precontemplation or contemplation assesses decisional balance, a conclusion is reached that behavior change is worth the challenges. Providing informational support may make the client move toward the next stage.
When working with clients in a special population, you should:
Provide them with initial positive experiences to promote adherence and lower mortality risk.
Explanation:
Programming goals to create a positive experience optimizes effectiveness and adherence.
Nonverbal cues are often more informative than spoken words because they convey:
Emotions.
Explanation:
Nonverbal cues are often as or even more informative than actual spoken words. They convey emotions, level of engagement in the communication process, and an array of other internal processes.
Two common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that should be used cautiously in diabetic patients due to increased risk of hypoglycemia are ibuprofen and:
Naproxen.
Explanation:
Two common NSAIDs, ibuprofen and naproxen, should be used cautiously in diabetic patients due to increased risk of hypoglycemia.
Your client with diagnosed hypertension shows up to your training session with a cold but says she is fine as she took over-the-counter cold pills. You should:
Adjust the exercise intensity and duration to avoid excessive increases in blood pressure.
Explanation:
OTC cold and flu medications when taken by clients with HTN require adjusting exercise intensity and duration to avoid excessive BP increases.
Over-the-counter cold and flu medications can impact blood pressure if they contain some form of:
Ephedrine.
Explanation:
OTC cold and flu medications often contain some form of ephedrine that has been shown to increase systemic blood pressure.
One of the key questions to ask to determine a client’s stage of change specific to physical activity is:
“Are you doing any physical activity?”
Explanation:
To better develop a plan of action specific to each client, tailored to his current readiness, ask if he is currently doing any physical activity.
A preceding event or circumstance that prompts a behavior such as exercise is called:
An antecedent.
Explanation:
According to learning theory, an antecedent is a preceding event or circumstance that prompts a behavior.
Public relations, as opposed to advertising, communicates information to potential customers:
At a more emotional level.
Explanation:
Public relations gives potential customers an opportunity to consider the product or service at a more emotional level.
Your client states that she is sore and experiencing some minor swelling in her joints following a weekend squash tournament. You should:
Discuss the proper technique for icing affected areas.
Explanation:
The EP-C should encourage injured clients to use the PRICE (protection, rest, ice, compression, and elevation) method until clients can get an appointment with their physicians, if needed.
Which of the following provides emotional support for a new client?
Having family and friends encourage regular attendance
Explanation:
Social support is an important predictor of exercise adherence and includes four types of support: (1) emotional, (2) tangible, (3) informational, and (4) appraisal.
A potential client has been walking 2 miles, several times a week, for the past 3 months and would like to continue progress toward her goals. You suggest that she train with you for several sessions to teach her things she can do on her own. According to the Transtheoretical Model, which stage of change is she currently in?
Action
Explanation:
Someone is in the action stage if they have been engaging in the behavior or less than six months.
Which of the following affects behavior change as it relates to the health belief model?
Education
Explanation:
Education is considered an important tool in the health belief model. Understanding how a client’s health is affected by specific behaviors may be a strong impetus for change.
What is the most important strategy when working with a client who is at risk for relapse?
Developing a system of social support
Explanation:
Identify potential situations and solutions before they occur to help avoid high-risk situations.
Using Social Cognitive Theory, which of the following best describes a client striving to adopt lifestyle changes?
The client believes he can lose 2 lbs a week for the next 2 months.
Explanation:
Social cognitive theory (SCT) states that outcome expectations and self-efficacy are the most important factors in behavior change. Clients who feel successful will naturally adopt positive and realistic behaviors.
To promote kinesthetic awareness during a stiff-leg deadlift, you should make sure that the client:
Feels the stretch in the hamstrings.
Explanation:
Communication is more than just verbal, as it includes nonverbal elements such as visual (what is observed) and kinesthetic (what is felt).
An update from a 2007 ACSM/CDC joint statement indicates that physical activity bouts of at least how many minutes can be accumulated towards the recommended total amount of daily physical activity?
10 minutes
Explanation:
The 2007 joint statement incorporated guidelines for meeting the vigorous PA guidelines and indicated that bouts of PA should last for at least 10 minutes in duration to be counted toward the 30-minute daily goal.
Your new client states that she likes to feel her muscles “tightening and firming up” during strength training. Based on this, you should provide primarily which type of cueing?
Tactile
Explanation:
Cues may be delivered visually, orally, and through touch (tactile cues). There are many different types of cues, including educational, safety, alignment, and motivational cues.
A client tells the EP-C about a new diet he is considering. He has friends that are following the diet with great weight-loss results. Which of the following recommendations is most appropriate?
“Consider what your optimal dietary needs are and work to adopt permanent dietary changes.”
Explanation:
It is recommended that first review their optimal needs for their dietary intake and their health.
A new client was recently diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. She has been cleared to exercise with the EP-C. Which of the following recommendations is most appropriate?
Strength training intensity should initially utilize 8-12 repetitions per set.
Explanation:
Type 1 diabetic patients should be referred to exercise professionals with more specialized training to prescribe and monitor exercise.
Chronic autoimmune diseases impacted by psychological stress include AIDS and:
MS.
Explanation:
Chronic autoimmune diseases such as AIDS and MS are impacted by psychological stress, and several studies provide evidence of the relationship between stress and disease activity.
The ability to achieve stability through change is referred to as:
Allostasis.
Explanation:
Allostasis is the ability to achieve stability through change.
An individual is more likely to adopt a problem management coping strategy when the situation is appraised as:
Changeable.
Explanation:
One is likely to adopt a problem management coping strategy when the situation is appraised as changeable, resulting in the perception of control and self-efficacy.
Cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality are inversely related to both physical activity and:
Physical Fitness.
Explanation:
Besides physical activity, research has shown physical fitness is also inversely related to CVD incidence and mortality.
In the communication process, listening is:
As important as speaking.
Explanation:
Listening is as important as speaking in the communication process.
A client reports that she has failed to exercise three times in the past week, although she agreed to that goal. Which of the following is the most appropriate verbal response?
“Let’s talk about what got in the way of you reaching your goal this past week.”
Explanation:
It is important to communicate to clients that they will be accepted regardless of their success or failure in their attempt to increase their exercise.
Approximately 50% of people who start an exercise program will drop out within the first:
6 months.
Explanation:
Approximately 50% of people who begin an exercise program will drop out within the first 6 months.
Which of the following is a component of a well-stated goal that will help ensure program satisfaction?
Time-bound
Explanation:
Another prominent tool that can help EP-Cs and clients to remember effective goal-setting strategies is the acronym: SMART (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound).
Which strategy is effective for improving exercise adherence?
Revisit client goals during reassessments so they coincide with progress toward goals.
Explanation:
Regular assessments, when scheduled at the right intervals, serve to motivate and to provide encouragement to the client.
To create an optimal training environment, the MOST important thing an EP-C should do is:
Provide immediate corrective feedback to ensure client safety.
Explanation:
Client safety is paramount, and corrective feedback should be provided immediately. Additional feedback such as praise or encouragement should come afterward if appropriate.
Which of the following is ideal for building rapport?
Maintain good and appropriate eye contact.
Explanation:
One of the most important fundamental components of a successful intervention is rapport, which includes appropriate and good eye contact.
When used on a regular basis, which of the following promotes exercise adherence?
Online journaling
Explanation:
There is strong evidence that journaling has a positive impact on exercise adherence and well-being by reducing stress, clarifying thoughts, and problem solving.
A cognitive manipulation method for gaining control over bodily processes in response to a stressor is:
Biofeedback.
Explanation:
Biofeedback is a cognitive manipulation method for gaining control of heart rate and muscle tension in response to stress.
In learning theory, factors that increase the likelihood of adhering to an exercise program are also referred to as:
Stimuli.
Explanation:
Relating to exercise, the EP-C can identify what factors (stimuli) increase the likelihood of adhering to an exercise program.
Which of the following building blocks of marketing is not a traditional “P” but is relevant to the fitness industry?
People
Explanation:
Marketing is a function of product, place, price, and promotion, the four Ps. The fitness industry lends itself to one additonal “P”, people.
Almost all adults will encounter which of the following at some time during their participation in exercise?
Return to sedentary behavior
Explanation:
Unfortunately, most adults encounter relapse at some point during their participation in exercise.
Which of the following has the most impact to help a client transition from one stage of change to the next?
Self-efficacy
Explanation:
Self-efficacy and confidence in change are important tools in helping to empower the client toward the next stage of change.
A preceding event or circumstance that prompts a behavior such as exercise is called:
An antecedent.
Explanation:
According to learning theory, an antecedent is a preceding event or circumstance that prompts a behavior.
The saying “if in doubt, refer out” means:
EP-Cs should refer clients to health care professionals in situations where they are unsure if a referral is needed.
Explanation:
Certified Exercise Physiologists who provide services outside their scope of practice put themselves and their clients at risk; if in doubt as to whether or not a client should be referred to another health care professional before working with them, EP-Cs should be cautious and refer them first.
Your client is convinced that a particular ingredient in a supplement will help his training goals. Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement regarding this?
Neither registered dietitians nor physicians are certain about the ingredients in many supplements.
Explanation:
Supplements continue to be unregulated and usually lack evidence-based research about their efficacy.
To help your client transition from the contemplation stage of change to the preparation stage of change, you should intervene using:
Educational materials.
Explanation:
Often, after a client in precontemplation or contemplation assesses decisional balance, a conclusion is reached that behavior change is worth the challenges. Providing informational support may make the client move toward the next stage.
A client with hypertension begins taking diuretics prescribed by his physician. The resulting increased water excretion may impact HR in which way?
Increased resting and submaximal HR
Explanation:
Increased water excretion associated with diuretics may result in an increased resting and submaximal HR.
An individual is more likely to adopt a problem management coping strategy when the situation is appraised as:
Changeable.
Explanation:
One is likely to adopt a problem management coping strategy when the situation is appraised as changeable, resulting in the perception of control and self-efficacy.
The two ergogenic aids shown to clearly improve a person’s capacity to perform better are:
Water and carbohydrates.
Explanation:
Ergogenic aids have not typically been tested for either effectiveness or safety. With the exception of carbohydrates and water, there is little evidence to suggest that other substances do anything to improve performance.
Using a behavior contract is one strategy that may be implemented when the client demonstrates a need for:
Extrinsic motivation.
Explanation:
Extrinsic motivation is the type of motivation that comes from an external source such as a behavioral contract or agreement.
When working with clients in a special population, you should:
Provide them with initial positive experiences to promote adherence and lower mortality risk.
Explanation:
Programming goals to create a positive experience optimizes effectiveness and adherence.
Your new client is training four to six times a week for a 5K race but is not progressing as fast as she planned. To help her improve her performance using Social Cognitive Theory, which of the following is most appropriate?
Understand her attitude toward training.
Explanation:
If clients repeatedly think that they are unable to improve, they may feel incompetent and develop a negative attitude toward exercise. It’s important that the client’s expectations and attitudes be identified and understood before establishing an appropriate goal. This is in accordance with the Social Cognitive Theory of behavior change.
A new client tells you that he was an avid tennis player before hurting his back a year ago. He often reminisced about it while watching his son during tennis lessons for the past 5 months. He is ready to get in shape for tennis now that his back is better. According to the Transtheoretical Model, which of the following best describes his progression through the stages of change since his back injury?
Contemplation, preparation, action
Explanation:
The client was intending considering making changes within the last 6 months. He prepared by hiring an EP-C. Now he is acting towards behavior change by beginning to train with the EP-C. Contemplation was followed by preparation then action.
The most common way to assess the perception of chronic stress level is by use of the:
Perceived Stress Scale.
Explanation:
The most common instrument used to assess perception of stress is the 10-item questionnaire called the Perceived Stress Scale.
Typical response rates from e-mail blasts run between what percentages?
5% and 15%
Explanation:
Typical response rates from e-mail blasts run between 5% and 15%.
What are the five stages of appreciative inquiry?
Define, discover, dream, design, and deliver
Explanation:
The five stages of appreciative inquiry are define, discover, dream, design, and deliver.
The different methods of coping with stress include the two broad categories of problem-focused coping and:
Emotion-focused coping.
Explanation:
The different methods of coping with stress can be separated into two broad categories: problem-focused and emotion-focused coping.
To address relapse prevention, the EP-C can:
Develop plans for maintaining activity when work gets stressful.
Explanation:
Relapse prevention focuses largely on self-regulation and anticipation.
Gathering background information to provide tailored feedback is most commonly done:
Through standardized assessments.
Explanation:
The solicitation of the background information required to provide tailored feedback may be done verbally, but is commonly done via standardized assessments.
What is the return rate for marketing through direct mail?
1-3%.
Explanation:
Direct mail traditionally has produced a return rate between 1% and 3%.
A written document provided to the client sharing health and fitness information to achieve understanding of participation options is called a/an:
Informed consent.
Explanation:
An informed consent is a written document that conveys health and fitness information to the client to achieve an understanding regarding his participation options.
Which of the following best describes the effect of consuming a surplus amount of nutrients through supplementation?
The body will expend valuable energy resources to excrete them.
Explanation:
Providing more nutrients than the body can use does not provide benefit; it forces cells into using valuable energy resources to excrete the surplus, with the additional risk of developing toxicity reactions.
A client packs his work clothes the night before and wears his workout clothes to bed so that he is ready to exercise first thing in the morning. This is an example of:
Stimulus control.
Explanation:
Stimuls control refers to the idea of modifying the environment so that it is conducive to supporting exercise and keeps the client “on track.”
When should motivational interviewing be used during the initial client consultation?
In the course of helping the client set goals
Explanation:
Motivational interviewing should be used as a tool during coaching so that the client can decide which behavior should be modified.
Which of the following statements provides the MOST specific feedback?
“That was excellent. Keep up the good work.”
“Good triceps push-down. You’re looking stronger.”
“Your ankle joint is much more stable.”
“Well done. You have improved a lot.”
“Your ankle joint is much more stable.”
Explanation:
Feedback is not only necessary for effective goal setting, but it has also been identified as an important component of physical activity behavior change and progress.
In what way can the EP-C demonstrate interest and compassion?
Make eye contact and take notes.
Explanation:
Making eye contact, exhibiting appropriate facial expressions, and taking notes are some ways to demonstrate interest and compassion.
When attempting to establish effective communication, which of the following nonverbal elements is MOST important to the client?
Visual and kinesthetic
Explanation:
Communication is more than just verbal, as it includes nonverbal elements such as visual (what is observed) and kinesthetic (what is felt).
Sharing a personal struggle with weight loss is an example of:
Self-disclosure.
Explanation:
Sharing a story with a client about a past struggle you have had is an example of self-disclosure.
Which of the following strongly communicates an individual’s thoughts and emotional state?
Eye contact
Explanation:
Body language such as posture, eye contact, and facial expressions speak volumes about an individual’s thoughts and emotional state.
There is conflicting information regarding the impact of the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on:
Blood pressure.
Explanation:
Conflicting evidence exists regarding the effect of NSAIDs on blood pressure, so hypertensive clients taking NSAIDs are monitored closely.
The three primary systems of the body that are activated and affected by stress include the cardiovascular, endocrine, and:
Immune.
Explanation:
When an individual experiences stress, there are three primary systems of the body that are activated and affected: cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune.
Evaluation of stressors includes determining coping resources, emotional reaction, and:
Coping self-efficacy.
Explanation:
Appraisal of stressors includes assessing the ability to deal effectively with the resources concerning the burden of stress, known as coping self-efficacy.
In social cognitive theory, the most effective way to improve self-efficacy toward physical activity is to:
Focus interventions on ways to achieve the desired behavior.
Explanation:
The focus on interventions should be on what the individual can do to achieve the desired behavior change rather than emphasizing what she cannot do.
According to the transtheoretical model, weighing the pros and cons of becoming physically active when moving through the stages of change is called:
Decisional balance.
Explanation:
Receiving a physical activity intervention through the TTM appears to allow individuals to increase their behavioral strategies, cognitive processes, decisional balance, and self-efficacy.
According to the CDC, what percentage of adults are more likely to respond to physical activity marketing?
75%
Explanation:
The CDC approximates 25% of all adults in the United States perform no leisure-time physical activity. The remaining 75% of adults are active and more likely to respond to physical activity marketing.
The MOST important reasons for maintaining collaborative relationships with health care professionals is to optimize client outcomes and:
Identify risk factors.
Explanation:
Certified Exercise Physiologists must recognize the importance of collaborating with and referring to health care professionals, maintaining open lines of communication to optimize client outcomes and to aid in the identification of risk factors.
When creating or adopting an informed consent document, the EP-C should always:
Obtain appropriate legal counsel.
Explanation:
Written consent is preferred over verbal or implied consent. The EP-Cs should always obtain appropriate legal counsel when creating or adopting an informed consent document.
The EP-C should share fitness assessment results positively and emphasize:
The baseline results that provide progress measurement over time.
Explanation:
Upon completion of any assessment, if the results can be given immediately the client and the EP-C can begin taking action toward goals. It is important to share the results in a positive manner, emphasizing that the results are a baseline from which to measure progress over time.
