Domain 1 | Module 2: Types of Disabilities Flashcards
What are the types of disabilities laid out by IAAP?
- Visual
- Auditory
- Deaf-blindness
- Speech
- Mobility/Flexibility/Body Structure
- Cognitive
7.Neurological - Psychological
- Multiple/Complext
What are some manifestations of visual disabilities?
- Vision loss
- Loss of of visual acutiy
- Increased/decreased sensitivity to colors
- Complete loss of sight in either or both eyes
How many ppl identify as blind in the broader population of the world?
33 million
What is the leading cause of blindness and what is second leading?
Cataracts 1st, glaucoma 2nd
What is the general age demographic of those who are blind?
Most are over 50
True or false: Color vision deficiency is a form of visual disability
true
What percentage of men and women experience red-green color vision deficiency?
8% men and 0.5% women
1 in _______ people experience blue-yellow color vision deficiency
10k
What are common barriers for those with visual disabilities?
- Visual-only Wayfinding
- Print only materials
- Sounds that mask informative sounds such as directional cues.
- Info described visually
- Pathways obstacles.
- Inadequate lighting.
- Low contrast text and images
- Digital images w/ helpful ALT text.
- Unfreindely websites with keyboard alone.
- Videos w/o text or audio alternatives.
True or false: Raised tiles to indicate edges, stairs, etc are viable solutions for those with visual disabilities
true
True or false: Screen readers (text-to-speech) are a viable solution for those with visual disabilities
true
What is the most popular screen reader (text-to-speech)?
How many characters at a time does it show?
How much does it cost?
JAWS
80 characters
$3-$15k
Name at least 5 common solutions for individuals with visual disabilities
- Raised tiles to indicate edges, stairs, etc
- Clear paths
- Braille (including refreshable)
- Tactile info
- Large print
- High contrast colors
- Not relying on color
- Magnifiers
- Meaningful alt text
- Standard, consistent presentation of objects
- Screen readers (text-to-speech) - JAWS is most popular, showing 80 characters at a time ($3k-$15k)
- White canes
- Service animals
- Speech controls
- Announcing/controls, including colors
- Virtual payment
- Gesture inputs
- Screen filters
What are some manifestations of auditory disabilities
- Deafness (not all knowing sign language, preferring text)
- Hard of hearing (rely on hearing aids)
How many millions of people experience auditory disabilities? What percentage of the population is that?
446 million (6.1%)
What is a common barrier for people with auditory disabilities?
People speaking quietly or in large spaces
Name at least five common solutions for those with auditory disabilities
- Microphones
- Sign language interpreter
- Captions / subtitles
- Good acoustics
- Reduce ambient noise
- Transcripts
- Haptic feedback
- CART
- Hearing aids
- Cochlear implants
- Television amplifiers
- Amplified telephones
- Hearing aid compatible telephones
- TTY: Text Telephone
- Texting apps
- Noise cancelling headphones
- Sound field systems
- Personal listening devices
What percentage of the population experiences deaf-blindess?
Between 0.2% and 2%
What are common barriers for people who experience deaf-blindness?
Lack of braille, transcripts, and sign language interpretors
Name at least five common solutions for those who experience deaf-blindness
- Tactile sign language
- Tactile navigation aids
- Printed material converted to braille
- Braille signage
- Accessibility laws
- Audio descriptions
- Transcripts
- Communicators
- White cane
- Environment detecting wearables
- Service animal
What are some manifestations of speech disabilities?
- Inconsistent speech errors.
- Distorted sounds.
- Errors in tone, stress or rhythm.
- Motor/neurological
- Apraxia
- Dysarthria
- Structural
- Abnormalities like a cleft palate
- Trauma or surgery born problems
- Sensory (like hearing)
- Functional speech problems
- Articulation
- Phonology
- Mutism (elective, selective, and total)
True or false: Apraxia and Dysarthria are motor/neurological disabilities and therefore are not considered a manifestation of speech disabilities.
False. Both manifest as speech disabilities as well.
What are the common barriers for those with speech disabilities?
- Not enough time to communicate
- Lack of alternatives
- Others not indicating their need for clarification
Name at least 5 common solutions for those with speech disabilities
- Simpler and varied options for communication
- Additional time to complete tasks
- Text based alternatives
- Speech therapy
- Text to speech
- AAC devices (single meaning pictures)
- Spell checkers
- Communication board
- Word prediciton software
What are some manifestations of mobility, flexibility, and body structure disabilities
- Upper or lower limb loss
- Manual dexterity issues
- Lack of coordination with bodily organs
- broken skeletal structure
- Temporary or permanent
- Can include cognition
- Fine motor skill / control issues
- Ambulatory issues (walking)
- Muscle fatigue
- Body size / shape
- Orthopedic conditions
What percentage of the population experience mobility, flexibility, and body structure disabilities?
11% experience this disability
What are some common barriers for those with mobility, flexibility, and body structure disabilities?
- Small / short seats
- Shelf height
- Environmnets requiring standing
- Tabels without knee or toe clearance
- Out of reach controls without voice controls
- Obstacles to entering a space
- Fine motor skill demanding controls
- Body & social shaming environments
Name at least five solutions for accommodating those with mobility, flexibility, and body structure disabilities?
- UD
- Ergonomic designs and workspaces
- Clearly defined paths
- Adequate spacing
- Large click areas and adequate spacing between them
- WCAG standards met
- Walkers, canes, crutches, wheel chairs, etc
- Grab bars & railings
- Exoskeletons
- Taller AND shorter chairs
- Adaptive clothing
- Large buttons, hooks, and velcros
- Reach extenders / grabbers
- Custom keyboards
- Oversized mouse or trackpad
- Adjustable display
- Speech input
- Eye tracking controls
- Bubble cursors
- Mouth sticks
- Hand wands
What are some manifestations of cognitive disabilities?
- Internal and external factors
- Intellectual functioning
- IQ below 70-75
- Manifests in childhood
- 1-3% (200 mill) of the pop
- “intellectual disability”
- Includes dyslexia (accounts for 70-80% of this demographic) → 5-10% of population
- Dysgraphia (handwriting)
- Dyscalculia (math & computational)
What are some manifestations of ADHD?
- Inattention
- Distractibility
- Difficulty starting, organizing and finishing tasks
- Being forgetful
- Feeling restless and having difficulty controlling the feeling
- Difficulty staying seated
- Fidgeting
- Difficulty waiting for one’s turn
- Talking too much
- Interrupting
What are some manifestations of autism?
- Sensory issues such as sensitivity to sound, smell, and light.
- Difficulty with verbal and non-verbal communication
- Challenges in social interactions
1 in _______ people experience some degree of autism.
1 in 100 people experience this cognitive disability
Name at least 8 solutions for people with cognitive disabilities
- Adequate time to prepare
- Check for understanding and feedback in communication
- Minimize background noises
- Clear instructions
- Plain language
- Dimmable lighting
- Simple and intuitive wayfinding, routes, and pathways
- Clear signage
- Simplified information
- Carefully organized information
- Variety info formatting
- Enable personalized settings
- Organizers
- To-do lists
- Reminders
- Highlighers
- Ear plugs
- Sugnlasses
- Stim toys
- Soft clothing
- Smart pens
- Screen readers
- Text to speech
- Bookmarkers
- Spelling and grammer checkers
- Productivity tools & software
Name six common types of neurological disabilities
- Migraines
- Strokes
- Cerebral Palsy
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Seizures
- Photosensative Epilepsy
These are all forms of a particular type of disability
What percentage of the population experiences migraines?
14-15% of the pop experiences this
What are the symptoms of migraines?
- Fatique
- Light sensitivity
- Chills
- Nausea
- Muscle stiffness
- Dizziness
These symptoms describe what experience?
What are the symptoms of stroke?
- Aphasia (speaking inability)
- Sudden confusion
- Sudden headache
- Difficulty seeing out of either or both eyes
- Sudden numbness
- Loos of coordination
These symptoms describe what neurological condition?
How many millions of people experience strokes?
15 million people experience this
What is impact of cebebral palsy on a person?
Nervous system disorder affecting movement, learning, hearing, sight, and thought
How many millions of people have cerebral palsy?
17 million people have been diagnosed with this condition
How many millions of people have multiple sclerosis?
2.8 million people have this condition
What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis?
- Nervous system disease impacting immune system, causing nervous system communication disorders
- blurry vision
- cognitive problems
- limb weakness, tingling, or numbness
- unsteady gait
- trouble speaking
__________ million people experience seizures, amounting to 1 in _____ people.
65 million people, or 1 in 26 people experience this condition
What are the characteristics of a seizure?
- Electrical disturbance of the brain
- Begins at childhood
- Visual hallucinations
- An inability to speak
- Convulsions
- Falling down
- Biting the tongue
- Loss of control of the bladder or bowels
These characterize what neurological condition?
What percentage of the population experiences photosensitive epilepsy?
5% of the population experiences this neurological condition
What is photosensitive epilepsy?
Flickering light causing seizers
What are common barriers for those with neurological disabilities?
- Tech that flickers light
- Lack of space to recover from migraines
- Overly bright lights
- Lack of emergency care for strokes
- Underdiagnosed conditions
These are barriers for what disability type?
Name 8 common solutions for those with neurological disabilities?
- Comfortable lighting
- Moderate volumes
- Avoiding patterns giving the illusion of movement
- Do not require gaming or VR to participate
- Antiglare glasses
- Ear plugs
- Supportive and protective gear for falling
- Green lights
- Seizure detectors
- Service animals
These are all effective solutions for those with what type of disability?
What are common manifestations of psychological disabilities?
- Impairments in a person’s perceptions, thoughts, feelings, mood, and behavior.
- Conditions can be occasional or long-lasting.
- Anxiety, panic, and phobia based
- Depression and bipolar disorders
- Psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia
These are characteristics of what category of disability?
What are the characteristics of general anxiety disorder (GAD)?
- Feeling restless, wound-up or on-edge
- Difficulty concentrating
- Being easily fatigued
- Having sleep problems
- Having headaches, muscle aches, stomachaches, or unexplained pains
These are common characteristics of what disorder?
How do panic disorders manifest? What occurs in the event of one?
- Sudden intense fear
- Unexpected panic attacks
- Sense of loss of control with no clear trigger
In the event, a person will expereince the following?
* Pounding or racing heart
* Sweating
* Trembling or tingling
* Chest pain
* Feelings of impending doom
* Feelings of being out of control
What percentage range of the population experiences social anxiety disorder?
2.5-7% of people experience this disorder?
What are the characteristics of social anxiety disorder?
- Confusion
- Embarrasment
- Awkwardness
- Nausea
These are common characteristics of what disorder?
What are 3 common expressions of mood disorders?
- Depression
- Bipolar
- Seasonal Affective Disorder
These are common expressions of what disorder?
What are the barriers to those with psychological disorders?
- Limited healthcare
- Social stigma
- Lack of knowledge
- Inability to articulate symptoms
- Lack of support for cognitive, emotional, or behavioral challenges
These are barriers for what kind of disability?
Name at least 8 solutions for those with psychological disorders
- Extra time
- Quiet and calm spaces
- Reduced distractions
- Simplify
- Avoid overly bright light
- Various presentations of information
- Highlight important information
- Meditation
- Memory aids
- Apps to manage anxiety and mood
- Reminder apps
- White noise
- Noise monitoring apps
These are common solutions for what kind of disability?
What are some characterizations of someone with multiple/complex disabilities? (3 things)
- Impaired speech and communication skills
- Impaired mobility
- Needing help with everyday activities
These are common characteristics of what disability type?
What are common barriers for those with multiple/complex disabilities?
- Education
- A lack of understanding of the complexity of a person’s needs
- Social isolation and discrimination
These are barriers for what kind of disability?
Name at least 6 viable solutions for those with multiple/complex disabilities.
- Extra time
- Simplified environment
- Plain language
- Reduced distractions
- Picture dictionaries
- Manipulatives
- Physical therapy
- Occupational therapy
- Speech therapy
- Assigned aids to assist with functioning
- Simplified interface and content
- Provide information through various means – text, audio, images
- Allow adequate time to complete tasks
- Highlight most important information
- Assistive Technologies
- Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices
- Hearing aids
- Sign language
- Memory aids
- Teacher’s or personal assistant
These are all viable solutions for what disability type?
True or false: Accommodations are one-size-fits-all modifications, for goods, services, or environments so that a person with a disability has equal access and can perform the same tasks as a person without a disability.They may or may not be protected by legislation.
FALSE.
They are individualized modifications, protected by legislation, for goods, services, or environments so that a person with a disability has equal access and can perform the same tasks as a person without a disability.
What term is this?
