Domain 1 | Module 2: Types of Disabilities

Question 1

What are the nine types of disabilities laid out by IAAP?

Answer 1

1. Visual
2. Auditory
3. Deaf-blindness
4. Speech
5. Mobility/Flexibility/Body Structure
6. Cognitive
7. Neurological
8. Psychological
9. Multiple/Complex

Question 2

What are some manifestations of visual disabilities?

Answer 2

• Vision loss
• Loss of of visual acutiy
• Increased/decreased sensitivity to colors
• Complete loss of sight in either or both eyes

Question 3

How many millions of ppl identify as blind in the broader population of the world?

Answer 3

33 million

Question 4

What is the leading cause of blindness and what is second leading?

Answer 4

Cataracts 1st, glaucoma 2nd

Question 5

What is the general age demographic of those who are blind?

Answer 5

Most are over 50

Question 6

True or false: Color vision deficiency is a form of visual disability

Answer 6

true

Question 7

What percentage of men and women experience red-green color vision deficiency?

Answer 7

8% men and 0.5% women

Question 8

1 in _______ people experience blue-yellow color vision deficiency

Answer 8

10k

Question 9

What are common barriers for those with visual disabilities?

Answer 9

• Visual-only Wayfinding
• Print only materials
• Vague sound cues intended to be informative sounds such as directional cues.
• Info described visually
• Pathways obstacles.
• Inadequate lighting.
• Low contrast text and images
• Digital images w/ helpful ALT text.
• Unfreindely websites with keyboard alone.
• Videos w/o text or audio alternatives.

Question 10

True or false: Raised tiles to indicate edges, stairs, etc are viable solutions for those with visual disabilities

Answer 10

true

Question 11

True or false: Screen readers (text-to-speech) are a viable solution for those with visual disabilities

Answer 11

true

Question 12

What is the most popular screen reader (text-to-speech)?

How many characters at a time does it show?

How much does it cost?

Answer 12

JAWS

80 characters

$3-$15k

Question 13

Name at least 5 common solutions for individuals with visual disabilities

Answer 13

• Raised tiles to indicate edges, stairs, etc
• Clear paths
• Braille (including refreshable)
• Tactile info
• Large print
• High contrast colors
• Not relying on color
• Magnifiers
• Meaningful alt text
• Standard, consistent presentation of objects
• Screen readers (text-to-speech) - JAWS is most popular, showing 80 characters at a time ($3k-$15k)
• White canes
• Service animals
• Speech controls
• Announcing/controls, including colors
• Virtual payment
• Gesture inputs
• Screen filters

Question 14

What are some manifestations of auditory disabilities

Answer 14

• Deafness (not all knowing sign language, preferring text)
• Hard of hearing (rely on hearing aids)

Question 15

How many millions of people experience auditory disabilities? What percentage of the population is that?

Answer 15

446 million (6.1%)

Question 16

What is a common social-environmental barrier for people with auditory disabilities?

Answer 16

People speaking quietly or in large spaces

Question 17

Name at least five common solutions for those with auditory disabilities

Answer 17

• Microphones
• Sign language interpreter
• Captions / subtitles
• Good acoustics
• Reduce ambient noise
• Transcripts
• Haptic feedback
• CART
• Hearing aids
• Cochlear implants
• Television amplifiers
• Amplified telephones
• Hearing aid compatible telephones
• TTY: Text Telephone
• Texting apps
• Noise cancelling headphones
• Sound field systems
• Personal listening devices

Question 18

What percentage of the population experiences deaf-blindess?

Answer 18

Between 0.2% and 2%

Question 19

What are common barriers for people who experience deaf-blindness?

Answer 19

Lack of braille, transcripts, and sign language interpretors

Question 20

Name at least five common solutions for those who experience deaf-blindness

Answer 20

• Tactile sign language
• Tactile navigation aids
• Printed material converted to braille
• Braille signage
• Accessibility laws
• Audio descriptions
• Transcripts
• Communicators
• White cane
• Environment detecting wearables
• Service animal

Question 21

What are some manifestations of speech disabilities?

Answer 21

• Inconsistent speech errors.
• Distorted sounds.
• Errors in tone, stress or rhythm.
• Motor/neurological
  
  • Apraxia
  • Dysarthria
• Structural
  
  • Abnormalities like a cleft palate
  • Trauma or surgery born problems
• Sensory (like hearing)
• Functional speech problems
  
  • Articulation
  • Phonology
• Mutism (elective, selective, and total)

Question 22

True or false: Apraxia and Dysarthria are motor/neurological disabilities and therefore are not considered a manifestation of speech disabilities.

Answer 22

False. Both manifest as speech disabilities as well.

Question 23

What are the common barriers for those with speech disabilities?

Answer 23

• Not enough time to communicate
• Lack of alternatives
• Others not indicating their need for clarification

Question 24

Name at least 5 common solutions for those with speech disabilities

Answer 24

• Simpler and varied options for communication
• Additional time to complete tasks
• Text based alternatives
• Speech therapy
• Text to speech
• AAC devices (single meaning pictures)
• Spell checkers
• Communication board
• Word prediciton software

Question 25

What are some manifestations of mobility, flexibility, and body structure disabilities

Answer 25

* Upper or lower limb loss * Manual dexterity issues * Lack of coordination with bodily organs * broken skeletal structure * Temporary or permanent * Can include cognition * Fine motor skill / control issues * Ambulatory issues (walking) * Muscle fatigue * Body size / shape * Orthopedic conditions

Question 26

What percentage of the population experience mobility, flexibility, and body structure disabilities?

Answer 26

11% experience this disability

Question 27

What are some common barriers for those with mobility, flexibility, and body structure disabilities?

Answer 27

* Small / short seats * Shelf height * Environmnets requiring standing * Tabels without knee or toe clearance * Out of reach controls without voice controls * Obstacles to entering a space * Fine motor skill demanding controls * Body & social shaming environments

Question 28

Name at least five solutions for accommodating those with mobility, flexibility, and body structure disabilities?

Answer 28

* UD * Ergonomic designs and workspaces * Clearly defined paths * Adequate spacing * Large click areas and adequate spacing between them * WCAG standards met * Walkers, canes, crutches, wheel chairs, etc * Grab bars & railings * Exoskeletons * Taller AND shorter chairs * Adaptive clothing * Large buttons, hooks, and velcros * Reach extenders / grabbers * Custom keyboards * Oversized mouse or trackpad * Adjustable display * Speech input * Eye tracking controls * Bubble cursors * Mouth sticks * Hand wands

Question 29

What are some manifestations of cognitive disabilities?

Answer 29

* Internal and external factors * Intellectual functioning * IQ below 70-75 * Manifests in childhood * 1-3% (200 mill) of the pop * “intellectual disability” * Includes dyslexia (accounts for 70-80% of this demographic) → 5-10% of population * Dysgraphia (handwriting) * Dyscalculia (math & computational)

Question 30

What are some manifestations of ADHD?

Answer 30

* Inattention * Distractibility * Difficulty starting, organizing and finishing tasks * Being forgetful * Feeling restless and having difficulty controlling the feeling * Difficulty staying seated * Fidgeting * Difficulty waiting for one's turn * Talking too much * Interrupting

Question 31

What are some manifestations of autism?

Answer 31

* Sensory issues such as sensitivity to sound, smell, and light. * Difficulty with verbal and non-verbal communication * Challenges in social interactions

Question 32

1 in _______ people experience some degree of autism.

Answer 32

1 in 100 people experience this cognitive disability

Question 33

Name at least 8 solutions for people with cognitive disabilities

Answer 33

* Adequate time to prepare * Check for understanding and feedback in communication * Minimize background noises * Clear instructions * Plain language * Dimmable lighting * Simple and intuitive wayfinding, routes, and pathways * Clear signage * Simplified information * Carefully organized information * Variety info formatting * Enable personalized settings * Organizers * To-do lists * Reminders * Highlighers * Ear plugs * Sugnlasses * Stim toys * Soft clothing * Smart pens * Screen readers * Text to speech * Bookmarkers * Spelling and grammer checkers * Productivity tools & software

Question 34

Name six common types of neurological disabilities

Answer 34

1. Migraines 2. Strokes 3. Cerebral Palsy 4. Multiple Sclerosis 5. Seizures 6. Photosensative Epilepsy These are all forms of a particular type of disability

Question 35

What percentage of the population experiences migraines?

Answer 35

14-15% of the pop experiences this

Question 36

What are the symptoms of migraines?

Answer 36

* Fatique * Light sensitivity * Chills * Nausea * Muscle stiffness * Dizziness These symptoms describe what experience?

Question 37

What are the symptoms of stroke?

Answer 37

* Aphasia (speaking inability) * Sudden confusion * Sudden headache * Difficulty seeing out of either or both eyes * Sudden numbness * Loos of coordination These symptoms describe what neurological condition?

Question 38

How many millions of people experience strokes?

Answer 38

15 million people experience this

Question 39

What is impact of cebebral palsy on a person?

Answer 39

Nervous system disorder affecting movement, learning, hearing, sight, and thought

Question 40

How many millions of people have cerebral palsy?

Answer 40

17 million people have been diagnosed with this condition

Question 41

How many millions of people have multiple sclerosis?

Answer 41

2.8 million people have this condition

Question 42

What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

Answer 42

* Nervous system disease impacting immune system, causing nervous system communication disorders * blurry vision * cognitive problems * limb weakness, tingling, or numbness * unsteady gait * trouble speaking

Question 43

__________ million people experience seizures, amounting to 1 in _____ people.

Answer 43

65 million people, or 1 in 26 people experience this condition

Question 44

What are the characteristics of a seizure?

Answer 44

* Electrical disturbance of the brain * Begins at childhood * Visual hallucinations * An inability to speak * Convulsions * Falling down * Biting the tongue * Loss of control of the bladder or bowels These characterize what neurological condition?

Question 45

What percentage of the population experiences photosensitive epilepsy?

Answer 45

5% of the population experiences this neurological condition

Question 46

What is photosensitive epilepsy?

Answer 46

Flickering light causing seizers

Question 47

What are common barriers for those with neurological disabilities?

Answer 47

* Tech that flickers light * Lack of space to recover from migraines * Overly bright lights * Lack of emergency care for strokes * Underdiagnosed conditions These are barriers for what disability type?

Question 48

Name 8 common solutions for those with neurological disabilities?

Answer 48

* Comfortable lighting * Moderate volumes * Avoiding patterns giving the illusion of movement * Do not require gaming or VR to participate * Antiglare glasses * Ear plugs * Supportive and protective gear for falling * Green lights * Seizure detectors * Service animals These are all effective solutions for those with what type of disability?

Question 49

What are common manifestations of psychological disabilities?

Answer 49

* Impairments in a person’s perceptions, thoughts, feelings, mood, and behavior. * Conditions can be occasional or long-lasting. * Anxiety, panic, and phobia based * Depression and bipolar disorders * Psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia These are characteristics of what category of disability?

Question 50

What are the characteristics of general anxiety disorder (GAD)?

Answer 50

* Feeling restless, wound-up or on-edge * Difficulty concentrating * Being easily fatigued * Having sleep problems * Having headaches, muscle aches, stomachaches, or unexplained pains These are common characteristics of what disorder?

Question 51

How do panic disorders manifest? What occurs in the event of one?

Answer 51

* Sudden intense fear * Unexpected panic attacks * Sense of loss of control with no clear trigger In the event, a person will expereince the following? * Pounding or racing heart * Sweating * Trembling or tingling * Chest pain * Feelings of impending doom * Feelings of being out of control

Question 52

What percentage range of the population experiences social anxiety disorder?

Answer 52

2.5-7% of people experience this disorder?

Question 53

What are the characteristics of social anxiety disorder?

Answer 53

* Confusion * Embarrasment * Awkwardness * Nausea These are common characteristics of what disorder?

Question 54

What are 3 common expressions of mood disorders?

Answer 54

* Depression * Bipolar * Seasonal Affective Disorder These are common expressions of what disorder?

Question 55

What are the barriers to those with psychological disorders?

Answer 55

* Limited healthcare * Social stigma * Lack of knowledge * Inability to articulate symptoms * Lack of support for cognitive, emotional, or behavioral challenges These are barriers for what kind of disability?

Question 56

Name at least 8 solutions for those with psychological disorders

Answer 56

* Extra time * Quiet and calm spaces * Reduced distractions * Simplify * Avoid overly bright light * Various presentations of information * Highlight important information * Meditation * Memory aids * Apps to manage anxiety and mood * Reminder apps * White noise * Noise monitoring apps These are common solutions for what kind of disability?

Question 57

What are some characterizations of someone with multiple/complex disabilities? (3 things)

Answer 57

* Impaired speech and communication skills * Impaired mobility * Needing help with everyday activities These are common characteristics of what disability type?

Question 58

What are common barriers for those with multiple/complex disabilities?

Answer 58

* Education * A lack of understanding of the complexity of a person's needs * Social isolation and discrimination These are barriers for what kind of disability?

Question 59

Name at least 6 viable solutions for those with multiple/complex disabilities.

Answer 59

* Extra time * Simplified environment * Plain language * Reduced distractions * Picture dictionaries * Manipulatives * Physical therapy * Occupational therapy * Speech therapy * Assigned aids to assist with functioning * Simplified interface and content * Provide information through various means – text, audio, images * Allow adequate time to complete tasks * Highlight most important information * Assistive Technologies * Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices * Hearing aids * Sign language * Memory aids * Teacher's or personal assistant These are all viable solutions for what disability type?

Question 60

True or false: **Accommodations** are one-size-fits-all modifications, for goods, services, or environments so that a person with a disability has equal access and can perform the same tasks as a person without a disability. They may or may not be protected by legislation.

Answer 60

FALSE. They are **individualized** modifications, **protected by legislation,** for goods, services, or environments so that a person with a disability has equal access and can perform the same tasks as a person without a disability.  What term is this?