Dollar and Miller Flashcards
What did Dollard and Miller focus on?
Wrote Personality and Psychotherapy which led them to study the translation of psychotherapy into learning
What is psychotherapy?
Approach for treating mental health issues by talking with a psychologist, psychiatrist or another mental health provider
What are the 2 types of drives? Define them
Primary: physiological drives (ie. hunger, pain)
Secondary: Acquired on the basis of associating event with satisfaction/frustration of the primary drives (ie. fear from a painful stimulus)
_______ are reinforced to the degree that _____ are reduced.
Behaviors; drives
What are cues?
Discriminative stimuli that help inform how, when, and how quickly a response is made
What is the dominant response?
The most likely way we will respond to a given situation
What is the gradient of (Effects of) Reward?
The quicker a reward is given following a desirable behavior the more likely the behavior will be strengthened
What is the anticipatory response?
We learn to behave more quickly in response to reward or punishment
- Anticipation to receive award or know when to expect punishment
What is the learning dilemma?
If the dominant response reduces our drives, no additional learning will occur
If it does not reduce our drive, or if we do not like the dominant response, we have a dilemma
How do we create new learning?
A situation to promote a desired response must be arranged
- may need to “coax” the desired response verbally or via modeling
What is extinction and spontaneous recovery?
- Undesired responses that are not met with reward will eventually be extinguished
- However, the response can occasionally reoccur after time (spontaneous recovery)
What are the 4 critical raining periods in children?
- Feeding (children not fed learn to be apathetic and apprehensive)
- Cleanliness Training (aka. learning to use the bathroom)
- Early Sex Training (masturbation met with punishment, anxiety with sexual feelings)
- Anger-Anxiety Conflicts (childs frustration leads to anger and often met with punishment, which becomes anxiety provoking for child)
What are the 4 main approach avoidance conflicts?
- Avoidance-Avoidance
- Approach-Approach
- Approach-Avoidance
- Double Approach-Avoidance
If one “end state” is clear positive with little negative then ___ ___ ____.
Go for it!
If one “end state” is clearly negative with little positive then ___ ____ ____ ____ __ _____.
Get the heck out of there!
What is avoidance-avoidance conflict?
- Choosing between 2 undesirable end states
- Movement in either direction causes anxiety
ex: choosing between hw or chores
What is approach-approach conflict?
- Choosing between 2 positive end states
- Any movement in one direction will make it easier to attain, and thus will move in that direction
ex: choosing between going to mexico or caribbean
What is approach-avoidance conflict?
- Choosing whether to approach or avoid an end-state with both positive and negative attributes
- cross-over point is a lot of anxiety
ex: going to a work party
What is double approach-avoidance conflict?
- choosing between two end-states each with positive and negative aspects
- After the choice has been made, sometimes people “waffle” at the cross-over point and no longer approach the goal
ex: choosing between 2 jobs that each have pos/neg
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
- Frustration is a necessary and sufficient condition for aggression
- frustration that is intense increases aggression
What are the 3 facts of aggression?
- Is often rewarded
- Often elicited by cues in one’s environment
- May be learned
How are personality and habit related?
- Personality may be viewed in terms of habits
- ALL behavior is established via drive reduction learning
- Therapy involves replacing problematic habits
What is repression (psychotherapy)
the unconscious blocking of unpleasant emotions, impulses, memories, and thoughts from your conscious mind
Freud vs Dollard/Miller views on repression (psychotherapy)
Freud: repression is motivated; ideas are banished to unconscious
Dollard/Miller: repression isn’t thinking about a topic and being reinforced for not thinking about it
What is regression (psychotherapy)
a defense mechanism that involves reverting to an earlier stage of development in response to an internal conflict or external problem
Freud vs Dollard/Miller views on regression (psychotherapy)
Freud: more primitive defense mechanism to reduce anxiety
Dollard/Miller: research shows enhanced drive disrupts poorly learned responses and facilitates well-learned responses; habits acquired early in life are better learned
What did Dollard and Miller believe about conflict and psychosocial development?
Parents can produce conflict in the areas of hunger, elimination, sex, and aggression by punishing child’s attempt at drive reduction
- Freud said conflict leads to neurosis
What are the 4 applications of instrumental conditioning related to parent training
- Catch them being good
- Use mild punishment for bad behaviors
- Social skills training
- Token Economy
What are the 4 applications of classical conditioning related to therapy?
- Flooding
- Systematic Desensitization
- Aversion Therapy
- Sensate Focus
What are the 4 processes in observational learning?
- Attention
- Retention
- Motor Processes
- Motivation
What are the 2 attentional processes?
- Model (age, sex, status, kind of behavior performed)
- Observer (self-confidence, esteem, past reinforcement)
Define motor reproduction
the ability of an observer to physically replicate or perform a behavior they have observed
What is self-efficacy
Belief that one can organize and execute given courses of action required to deal with prospective situations
(aka a person’s belief in their ability to accomplish a task or achieve a goal)
What are the 4 sources of self efficacy?
- Performance Attainment (your past success/failures)
- Vicarious Experiences (seeing others succeed/fail)
- Verbal Persuasion (other people telling you that you can/can’t do it)
- Physiological Arousal (level of fear/calm)
What test is used that is associated with “self efficacy”
Measure of Perceived Control
What do “internals” believe?
their hard work would lead them to obtain positive outcome
- Do have more influence on their environments
- Greater self-control
