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1
Q

Losartan drug class

A

Angiotensin II receptor antagonist

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2
Q

Losartan indications

A

Diabetic nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Chronic heart failure when ACEi are unsuitable

Hypertension

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3
Q

Losartan mechanism of action

A

Losartan binds to AT1 receptors blocking the binding of angiotensin II preventing the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone secreting effects of angiotensin II.

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4
Q

Losartan adverse drug reaction

A

Hypotension

Hyperkalaemia

Cause or worsen renal failure

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5
Q

Losartan drug interactions

A

NSAIDS

Drugs that increase K+ (ACEi and CCB)

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6
Q

Indapamide drug class

A

Thiazide - like diuretic

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7
Q

Indapamide indications

A

Essential hypertension

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8
Q

Indapamide mechanism of action

A

Indapaimde inhibits the Na+/K+ co-transporter in the DCT. This decreases sodium and water reabsorption.

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9
Q

Indapamide adverse drug reactions

A

Hypokalaemia

Hyponatraemia

Hyperuricemia - gout

Arrhythmias

Hyperglycaemia

Hypercholesterolaemia

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10
Q

Indapamide drug interactions

A

NSAIDs

Loop diuretics

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11
Q

Amlodipine drug class

A

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker

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12
Q

Amlodipine indications

A

Prophylaxis of angina

Hypertension

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13
Q

Amlodipine mechanism of action

A

Amlodipine is a peripheral arterial vasodilator that exerts its action directly on vascular smooth muscle to lead to a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance

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14
Q

Amlodipine adverse drug reactions

A

Ankle oedema

Flushing

Headaches

Palpitations

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15
Q

Amlodipine drug interactions

A

Simvastatin

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16
Q

Atorvastin drug class

A

Statin

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17
Q

Atorvastin indications

A

Primary hypercholesterolaemia

Familial hypercholesterolaemia

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18
Q

Atorvastatin mechanism of action

A

Atorvastatin competitively inhibits 3- hydroxy - 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A ( HMG CoA) which is an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis.

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19
Q

Atorvastain adverse drug reactions

A

GI disruption, nausea and headaches

Myalgia - diffuse muscle pain

Rare - rhabdomyolysis

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20
Q

Atorvastatin drug interactions

A

amiodarone, diltiazem, macrolides and Amlodipine as there increase plasma statin concentration

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21
Q

Spironolactone drug class

A

Aldosterone antagonist

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22
Q

Spironolactone indications

A

Oedema

Ascites in liver cirrhosis

Nephrotic syndrome

Heart failure

Resistant hypertension

Primary hyperaldosteronism

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23
Q

Spironolactone mechanism of action

A

Spironolactone competitively inhibits aldosterone dependant Na+ K+ exchange
channels in the DCT. This action leads to increased sodium and water excretion, but more potassium retention

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24
Q

Spironolactone adverse drug reactions

A

Hyperkalaemia

Gynaecomastia

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25
Q

Spironolactone drug interactions

A

Drugs that increase K+ levels

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26
Q

Metformin drug class

A

Biguanides

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27
Q

Metformin indications

A

Type 2 diabetes mellutis

PCOS

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28
Q

Metformin mechanism of action

A

Metformin inhibits gluconeogenesis so hepatic glucose production decreases

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29
Q

Metformin adverse drug reactions

A

GI upset - nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea

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30
Q

Metformin drug interactions

A

ACEi

NSAIDs

Thiazide like diuretics

Loop diuretics

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31
Q

Salbutamol drug class

A

Short acting selective beta 2 agonist

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32
Q

Salbutamol Indications

A

Asthma

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33
Q

Salbutamol mechanism of action

A

Salbutamol binds to beta 2 receptors causing the increased production of cAMP. This decreases calcium in cells and therefore relaxes the smooth muscle causing bronchodilation.

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34
Q

Salbutamol advserse drug reactions

A

tachycardia palpitations, anxiety and tremor

Increased glycogenolysis and increased renin synthesis

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35
Q

Salbutamol drug interactions

A

Beta blockers

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36
Q

Sitagliptin drug class

A

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor ( gliptins )

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37
Q

Sitagliptin indications

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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38
Q

Sitagliptin mechanism of action

A

Sitagliptin is released after eating and prevents incretin degradation. This increases the plasma concentration of incretin and therefore augments the release of insulin and controls it.

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39
Q

Sitagliptin adverse drug reactions

A

GI upset

Small risk of pancreatitis

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40
Q

Sitagliptin drug interactions

A

other hypoglycaemic drugs

Thiazide like diuretics

Loop diuretics

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41
Q

Gliclazide drug class

A

Sulfonylureas

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42
Q

Gliclazide indications

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

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43
Q

Gliclazide mechanism of action

A

Gliclazide stimulates insulin secretion through beta cell sulfonylurea receptors augmenting the release of insulin. It also causes ATP-dependant K+ channels to become blocked.

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44
Q

Gliclazide adverse drug reactions

A

mild GI upset ( nausea, diarrhoea, hypoglycaemia

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45
Q

Gliclazide drug interactions

A

other hypoglycaemic drugs

Loop diuretics

Thiazide like diuretics

46
Q

Clopidogrel drug class

A

ADP receptor antagonist

47
Q

Clopidogrel indications

A

TIA

Acute ischaemic stroke

48
Q

Clopidogrel adverse drug reactions

A

Bleeding

GI upset - dyspepsia and diarrhoea

Rarely - thrombocytopenia

49
Q

Clopidogrel drug interactions

A

CYP inhibitors

Other anti platelet and anticoagulants

50
Q

Amiodarone drug class

A

Class III anti-arrhythmic

51
Q

Amiodarone indications

A

Ventricular fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation

Tachycardia

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

52
Q

Amiodarone mechanism of action

A

Amiodarone increases the refractory period and action potential duration so this increases the sodium conduction and therefore the threshold increases. The next depolarisation cant occur so AV conduction is extended.

53
Q

Amiodarone adverse drug reactions

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

Hepatic injury

increase in LDL cholesterol

Thyroid disease

Photosensitivity

optic neuritis - transient blindness

54
Q

Amiodarone drug interactions

A

Digoxin

Warfarin

55
Q

Verapamil drug class

A

Calcium Channel Blocker ( phenylalkylamine )

56
Q

Verapamil indications

A

Supraventricular tachycardia

Angina

Hypertension

57
Q

Aspirin drug class

A

Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor

58
Q

Aspirin indications

A

Unstable angina

TIA

Acute ischaemic stroke

Secondary prevention for CVD and DVT

59
Q

Aspirin mechanism of action

A

Aspirin inhibits COX-1 mediated production of TXA2 and reduces platelet aggregation

60
Q

Aspirin adverse drug reactions

A

GI irritation

GI bleeding

Haemorrhage

61
Q

Aspirin drug interactions

A

Anti-platelet drugs

Anti-coagulant drugs

62
Q

Flecainide drug class

A

Class Ic anti-arrhythmics

63
Q

Flecainide indications

A

Supraventricular tachycardia

Ventricular tachycardia

Wolff-Parkinson-white syndrome

64
Q

Flecainide adverse drug reactions

A

Pro-arrhythmia an sudden death with chronic use

Flecainide flutter - increase ventricular response to Supraventricular arrhythmias

CNS and GI effects

65
Q

Flecainide drug interactions

A

beta blockers,

Amiodarone

Some antibiotics

66
Q

Celecoxib drug class

A

NSAID ( selective COX-2 inhibitor )

67
Q

Celecoxib indications

A

Pain and inflammation in : OA and RA

Inflammatory conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis

68
Q

Celecoxib adverse drug reactions

A

Increase risk of MI

Decrease in GFR and renal blood flow

Increased BP due to increased sodium reabsorption

69
Q

Celecoxib Drug Interactions

A

ACEi

ARBs

Diuretics

70
Q

Azathioprine drug class

A

Immunosuppressant

71
Q

Azathioprine indications

A

IBD

RA

SLE

Autoimmune conditions

Suppression of transplant rejection T

72
Q

Azathioprine mechanism of action

A

Azathioprine inhibits purine synthesis. This results from Azathioprine being cleaved to form 6-MP which is an anti-metabolite that decreases DNA and RNA synthesis. This decreases white blood cell production.

73
Q

Azathioprine adverse drug reactions

A

Bone marrow suppression

Increased risk of malignancy

increased risk of infection

Hepatitis

74
Q

Azathioprine drug interactions

A

Other immunosuppressants

75
Q

Morphine drug class

A

Opiod

76
Q

Morphine indications

A

Pain ( acute, chronic , in palliative care )

MI

Acute pulmonary oedema

77
Q

Morphine mechanism of action

A

Morphine binds to the μ receptor. This decreases cAMP production causing an efflux of potassium. This hyperpolarises the cell membrane. There is then a decrease in substance P and GABA release and an increase in dopamine release causing a euphoric effect.

78
Q

Morphine adverse drug reactions

A

Respiratory Depression

Emesis
GI tract Cardiovascular

Miosis

Histamine release ( asthmatics )

79
Q

Morphine drug interactions

A

Other pain medications

80
Q

Omeprazole drug class

A

Proton pump inhibitor

81
Q

Omeprazole indications

A

Helicobacter Pylori eradication

Benign gastric ulceration

GORD

Severe oesophagitis

82
Q

Omeprazole mechanism of action

A

Omeprazole irreversibly inhibits the hydrogen potassium ATPase in gastric parietal cells. This significantly reduces gastric acid secretion.

83
Q

Omeprazole adverse drug reaction

A

GI disturbance ( abdominal pain , constipation , diarrhoea )

Headache , dizziness

Drowsiness / confusion

84
Q

Omeprazole drug interactions

A

Clopidogrel ( as omeprazole is a CYP inhibitor )

Warfarin ( increases effects )

Phenytoin ( anti - epileptic )

85
Q

Cyclizine drug class

A

Histamine 1 receptor antagonist

86
Q

Cyclizine indications

A

Nausea

Vomiting

Vertigo

Motion Sickness

87
Q

Cyclizine mechanism of action

A

Cyclizine acts on the vestibular nuclei. It inhibits the histaminergic signals from the vestibular system to the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the medulla.

88
Q

Cyclizine adverse drug reactions

A

Sedation

Excitation

Anti-Muscarinic - dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention

Cardiac toxicity - long QT intervals

89
Q

Metoclopramide drug class

A

Dopamine 2 receptor antagonist

90
Q

Metoclopramide indications

A

Nausea

Vomiting

91
Q

Metoclopramide mechanism of action

A

Metoclopramide increases acetylcholine at Muscarinic receptors in the gut. This promotes gastric emptying as it increases the tone of the lower oesophageal sphincter and decreases tone of the pylorus. It also increases the tone and amplitude of the gastric contractions. This increases peristalsis.

92
Q

Metoclopramide adverse drug reactions

A

Galactorrhoea

Extra-pyramidal effects - dystopia and parkinsonism

93
Q

Formoterol drug class

A

Long acting selective beta - 2 - agonist

94
Q

Formoterol indications

A

Asthma

COPD

95
Q

Formoterol mechanism of action

A

Formoterol binds to beta 2 receptors causing dilation of bronchial smooth muscle and relaxation of airways

96
Q

Formoterol adverse drug reactions

A

tachycardia, palpitations, anxiety and tremor

Increased glycogenolysis

Increased renin synthesis

97
Q

Formoterol drug interactions

A

beta blockers may reduce the effects of a beta agonist

98
Q

Apixaban drug class

A

Direct factor Xa acting oral anticoagulants

99
Q

Apixaban indications

A

DVT

PE

100
Q

Apixaban mechanism of action

A

Apixaban inhibits both free Xa and that bound with ATIII, do not directly effect thrombin (IIa) - hepatic metabolism and excreted partly by kidneys

101
Q

Apixaban adverse drug reaction

A

Bleeding

102
Q

Apixaban drug interactions

A

Less frequent interactions than warfarin but affected by CYP inhibitors and inducers

[plasma] reduced by carbamazepine, phenytoin and barbiturates

[plasma] increased by macrolides

103
Q

Co-amoxiclav drug class

A

Penicillin

104
Q

Co-amoxiclav indications

A

Infections where amoxicllin cant be given alone

105
Q

Co-amoxiclav mechanism of action

A

Amoxicillin alongside clavulanic acid is used as some bacteria have an enzyme beta lactamase which breaks down Beta-lactam’s molecular structure and clavulanic acid is a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Therefore this issue is removed.

106
Q

Co-amoxiclav adverse drug reactions

A

Diarrhoea

Nausea

Vomiting

107
Q

Dalteparin drug class

A

Low molecular weight heparin

108
Q

Dalteparin indications

A

DVT

PE

Acute coronary syndromes

109
Q

Dalteparin mechanism of action

A

Dalteparin inhibits factor Xa due to it increasing activity of anti thrombin III.

110
Q

Dalteparin adverse drug reactions

A

bruising and bleeding

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia

Hyperkalaemia

Osteoporosis

111
Q

Dalteparin drug interactions

A

other anti thrombotic drugs

ACEi and ARBs

Amiloride

Spironolactone

CPT Drugs (9 decks)

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