Do not use.

Question 0

What is the difference between psychologists and psychiatrists?

Answer 0

Psychiatrists can prescribe pills.

Question 1

What are the possible paths for psychology as a profession?

Answer 1

Clinical and experimental psychology.

Question 2

How many major research areas does psychology have and what are they?

Answer 2

1- Developmental Psychology
2- Social Psychology
3- Physiological Psychology
4- Cognitive Psychology
5- Personality 
6- Psychometrics
7- Clinical Psychology
8- Forensic Psychology

Question 3

What association puts in place the code of ethics for all psychologists?

Answer 3

The Canadian Psychological Association.

Question 4

What was the major experiment by Ewan Cameron violated many ethics even though he was the president of the American and Canadian psychiatric associations?

Answer 4

The CIA funded “MKULTRA” (69000$) in the 1950’s took 80 patients received electro-shock treatments and LSD to try and reduce their personalities to a childhood state.

Question 5

What questions are asked in psychological research?

Answer 5

What and why do people do what they do. Looking at what through observation and why through relationships in observations.

Question 6

What is the scientific method and what is it based on?

Answer 6

“A set of principles about the appropriate relationship between ideas and evidence.”

Based on Empiricism, knowledge is acquired through observation.

Question 7

What works against Empiricism and why?

Answer 7

Dogmatism because it is the tendency for people to cling to assumptions rather than observe and report literally and factually.

Question 8

What is a first idea called and what rule is involved in developing this idea?

Answer 8

The initial thought is called a Theory and the rule or parsimony or Ockham’s Razor is used which states to keep it simple and only make it more complex if need be.

Question 9

What do good theories create and lead to?

Answer 9

Good theories lead to hypothesis and especially good theories lead to testable hypothesis.

Question 10

What is the empirical method and what does it do?

Answer 10

It is a set of rules and techniques used to observe. Helps learn about the true complexity of humans.

Question 11

What is the arguement between reliability versus validity?

Answer 11

Validity is the extent to which a measurement and a property are conceptually related and Reliability is the tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the topic.

Question 12

What two kinds of bias’s effect experimental results?

Answer 12

Participant and Observer bias.

Question 13

What’s a most effective way to observe the results of an experiment?

Answer 13

A double blind observation where a neutral party watches both the participant and the observer.

Question 14

What is frequency distribution and what shape does it generally take?

Answer 14

A graphic representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made and most often it is a bell curve.

Question 15

What 2 kinds of descriptive statistics are used to describe data?

Answer 15

The variability and the central tendency. The central tendency includes the mode, median and mean.

Question 16

What is the difference between mode, median and mean?

Answer 16

Mode is the peak of the graph or highest value, the mean is the average value of all measurements and the median is the value found directly in the middle.

Question 17

What other two factors of variability are taken into consideration when conducting an experiment?

Answer 17

The Range which is the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement and Standard Deviation which is a statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution.

Question 18

What is correlation both positive and negative along with the correlation coefficient?

Answer 18

Correlation is when the value of variables sync up. Positive correlation is when both variables move the same way (up or down) and Negative is when they move in opposing directions. the correlation coefficient is the measurement of the direction and strength of this correlation. (R) -1 is negative correlation, 1 is positive and 0 is none.

Question 19

What does finding correlation really do?

Answer 19

Seeing if two variables or things are related or connected. Eg. handgun ownerships connection with homicide rates. While most times they also casually relate to a third variable.

Question 20

What are some causes of correlation and how does one deal with a third variable?

Answer 20

There is the matched samples technique where participants have a matching third variable, and matched pairs technique is where each participant is identical in a third variable but not another. Test differences.

Question 21

What is a main issue with correlation studies?

Answer 21

The techniques used do not let us rule out all third variables that may come into effect. This third variable problem is that two variables relationships cannot be inferred because of a third variable possibility.

Question 22

So how does infer at a relationship without correlation?

Answer 22

Experimentation, allowed us to rule out other existing variables by systematically changing them to test the hypothesis.

Question 23

What are the three critical steps in experimentation?

Answer 23

1. Perform the manipulation of the variable under control.
2. Measure the effect of that variable on the dependant.
3. Check to see if the result matches the hypothesis in our inference.

Question 24

What two experimental groups are made to manipulate the independent variable?

Answer 24

An experimental group and a control group.

Question 25

What is a problem and it’s answer with experimentation involving the individuals being experimented on?

Answer 25

Self-selection is the problem that occurs when something about an individual effects their group placement. Random assignment fixes this problem.

Question 26

What percentage are experimental psychologists looking for in their random assignment success to actually validate their results?

Answer 26

Over a 95% success rate.

Question 27

When the experimental percentage has been reached, what is the experiment said to be and what kind of statistics show this?

Answer 27

It is said to them be statistically significant and inferential statistics tell us the kinds of conclusions we can make from the observed differences between groups.

Question 28

What is the definition of internal validity and how does it relate to the conclusion of the experiment?

Answer 28

It is the characteristic of an experiment that truly establishes the relationship and shows that the experiment worked and a conclusion can be drawn from the data.

Question 29

What is another type of validity that represents more of the real world side of the experiment to lead to a true internally valid experiment?

Answer 29

It would be externally valid.

Question 30

What are the 7 rules in the Psychology Code of Ethics?

Answer 30

• Informed Consent
• Freedom for Coercion
• Protection from Harm
• Risk-Benefit Analysis
• Deception
• Debriefing
• Confidentiality

Question 31

When one is creating an experiment, what should their thoughts be on data collection?

Answer 31

What type of data will best answer my question

Question 32

What are the 5 basically data collection methods?

Answer 32

• Observational techniques and case studies
• Asking participants
• Response performance
• Measuring brain activity
• Using animal models

Question 33

What are some pros and cons of simply interviewing and asking experiment participants?

Answer 33

Some pros are 
- Good external validity
- Cheap
- Convenient 
- Accommodates a variety of areas 
Cons are 
- Deception 
- Limited access to variables of interest 
- Participant and recall bias

Question 34

What other way is there to test other than asking and what three forms does it take?

Answer 34

Response performance

• Reaction Times (+time=+processing)
• Response Accuracy
• Stimulus Judgements

Question 35

What are some pros and cons of response performance?

Answer 35

Strengths are

• Protects from Bias
• Assesses subtle differences

Limitations include

• Distant from interesting phenomena
• Subjective interpretation by researcher
• Low external validity

Question 36

What is an effective property of case studies?

Answer 36

They allow a researcher to extensively investigate individuals or organizations lives.

Question 37

What is under psychophysiology?

Answer 37

Blood pressure
Temperature
Muscle tension
Startle 
Pupil dilation
Penile tumescence