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Psychology 111 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is social psychology?

A

The study of the causes and consequences of sociality.

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1
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

Human development across lifespan.

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2
Q

What is physiological psychology?

A

Examines the influence of genetic factors on behaviour and the role of the brain, nervous system, endocrine system and bodily chemicals in the regulation of behaviour.

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3
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

Focuses on higher mental processes such as memory, reasoning, language, problem solving, creativity, etc.

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4
Q

What is personality psychology?

A

Interested in describing and understanding individuals consistency in behaviour which represents their personality.

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5
Q

What is psychometrics?

A

Concerned with measurement of behaviour and capacities, usually through the development of psychological tests.

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6
Q

What is clinical psychology?

A

Focuses on understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well being and personal development.

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7
Q

What is forensic psychology?

A

Involves applying psychology to the field of criminal investigation and the law.

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8
Q

What code do psychologists adhere to?

A

Being respectful to all people, treating them with dignity, and protecting them from potential harm.

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9
Q

Define empiricism?

A

The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation.

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10
Q

What is dogmatism?

A

The tendency for people to cling to their assumptions.

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11
Q

What’s your initial idea referred to?

A

A theory. A hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomena.

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12
Q

The rule of parsimony?

A

Start simple and only make it more complicated if you need to.

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13
Q

Define hypothesis?

A

A falsifiable prediction made by a theory.

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14
Q

Define scientific method?

A

A procedure for finding truth by using empirical evidence.

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15
Q

Define empirical method?

A

Set of rules and techniques for observation.

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16
Q

What 3 things make people hard to study?

A

Complexity, variability, and reactivity.

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17
Q

Define observation?

A

To use ones senses to learn about the properties of an even or an object. Observation is subjective.

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18
Q

Define measurement?

A

Designed to add control over observations.

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19
Q

Define operational definition?

A

A description of a property in concrete measurable terms.

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20
Q

Define instrument?

A

A device that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers.

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21
Q

Define reliability?

A

The tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing.

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22
Q

Define validity?

A

The extent to which a measurement and a property are conceptually related.

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23
Q

Define power?

A

An instruments ability to detect small magnitudes of the property.

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24
Q

Define demand characteristics?

A

Those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should.

25
Q

Define naturalistic observation?

A

A technique used for gathering information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments.

26
Q

Define double blind observation?

A

An observation whose true purpose is hidden from the observer and the person being observed.

27
Q

Define frequency distribution?

A

A graphic representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made.

28
Q

Define normal distribution?

A

A mathematically defined frequency distribution in which most measurements are concentrated around the middle.

29
Q

What are two kinds of descriptive statistics?

A

Central tendency and variability.

30
Q

Define mode?

A

The value of the most frequently observed measurement.

31
Q

Define mean?

A

The average value of all the measurements.

32
Q

Define median?

A

The value that is found in the middle.

33
Q

Define range?

A

The value of the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement.

34
Q

Define standard deviation?

A

A statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution.

35
Q

Define variable?

A

A property whose value can vary across individuals or over time.

36
Q

Define correlation?

A

Two variables are said to be correlated when variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other.

37
Q

Define correlation coefficient?

A

A mathematical measure of both the direction and strength of a correlation, which is symbolized by the letter r.

38
Q

What is positive correlation?

A

Both variables increase or decrease together.

39
Q

What is negative correlation?

A

As one variable increases the other decreases.

40
Q

Define natural correlations?

A

A correlation observed in the world around us.

41
Q

Define third variable correlation?

A

Two variables are correlated only because each is casually related to a third variable.

42
Q

Define matched samples technique?

A

A technique whereby the participants in two groups are identical in terms of a third variable.

43
Q

Define matched pairs technique?

A

A technique whereby each participant in terms of a third variable.

44
Q

Define third variable problem?

A

A casual relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the natural occurring correlation between them because of the ever present possibility of third variable correlation.

45
Q

Define experiment?

A

A technique for establishing the casual relationship between variables.

46
Q

Define manipulation?

A

The creation of an artificial pattern of variation in a variable in order to determine its casual powers.

47
Q

Define independent variable?

A

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment.

48
Q

Define experimental group?

A

The group of people who are exposed to a particular manipulation, as compared to the experimental group, in an experiment.

49
Q

Define dependent variable?

A

The variable that is measured in a study.

50
Q

Define self-selection?

A

A problem that occurs when anything about a person determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group.

51
Q

Define random assignment?

A

Is a procedure that uses a random event to assign people to the experimental or control group.

52
Q

Define inferential statistics?

A

Tells us what kinds of conclusions or inferences we can draw from observed differences between experimental and control groups.

53
Q

Define internal validity?

A

The characteristic of an experiment that establishes the casual relationship between variables.

54
Q

Define external validity?

A

A property of an experiment in which variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical or realistic way.

55
Q

Define population?

A

A complete collection of people.

56
Q

Define sample?

A

A partial collection of people drawn from a population.

57
Q

Define case method?

A

Method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual.

58
Q

Define random sampling?

A

A technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal change of being included in the sample.

59
Q

Define informed consent?

A

Written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail.

60
Q

Define debriefing?

A

If a participant is deceived they must receive a verbal description of the true nature of the study after participation is complete.

Psychology 111 (7 decks)

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