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Psychology 111 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the 3 key functions of memory

A

Encoding

Storage

Retrieval

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1
Q

Define memory

A

The ability to store and retrieve information over time

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2
Q

Define encoding

A

The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory.

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3
Q

Define storage

A

The process of maintaining information in memory over time

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4
Q

Define retrieval

A

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored.

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5
Q

Define Elaborative encoding

A

The process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory

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6
Q

Define visual imagery encoding

A

The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

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7
Q

Organizational encoding

A

The process of categorizing information according to the relationship among a series of items

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8
Q

Define memory storage and name the 3 types

A

The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

Sensory
Short-term
Long-term

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9
Q

Define sensory memory

A

Holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

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10
Q

Define iconic memory

A

Fast decaying store of visual memory

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11
Q

Define echoic memory

A

Fast decaying store of auditory information

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12
Q

Define short term memory

A

Holds non sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

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13
Q

Define rehearsal

A

The process of keeping information in short term memory by mentally repeating it

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14
Q

define chunking

A

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks.

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15
Q

Define working memory

A

Active maintenance of information in short term storage

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16
Q

Define central executive

A

Part of working memory that coordinates subsystems (frontal lobe)

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17
Q

Define long term memory

A

Holds information for hours, days, weeks or years

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18
Q

Define anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to transfer new information from the short term store into the long term store

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19
Q

Define Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation. Hippocampal region is critical for putting info into long term.

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20
Q

Define consolidation

A

A process by which memories become stable in the brain

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21
Q

What do beta blockers do

A

Prevent consolidation of memories

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22
Q

Define reconsolidation

A

Consolidated memories can again become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again.

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23
Q

What is PTSD treatment

A

Have people recall emotional memory, before reconsolidation can occur administer beta blockers. Which will lead to disruption of the emotional component of memory.

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24
Q

Define retrieval

A

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored.

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25
Q

Define retrieval cue

A

External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

26
Q

Define the Encoding specialty principle

A

A retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded

27
Q

Define State dependant retrieval

A

The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

28
Q

Define Transfer appropriate processing

A

Memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match.

29
Q

Define retrieval induced forgetting

A

A process by which retrieving select items from long term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

30
Q

Where does trying to retrieve take place

A

Left frontal lobe

31
Q

Where does successful retrieval take place

A

The hippocampus

32
Q

Where does recalling sounds happen

A

Auditory cortex

33
Q

Where does recalling pictures take place

A

The occipital lobe

34
Q

Define explicit memory

A

Occurs when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences

35
Q

Define implicit memory

A

Occurs when past experiences influence later behaviour and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them.

36
Q

Define procedural memory

A

The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or “knowing how” to do things.

37
Q

Define conceptual priming

A

Reflects implicit memory for the meaning of a word or how you would use and object.

38
Q

Define perceptual priming

A

Reflects implicit memory for the sensory features of an item

39
Q

Define semantic memory

A

A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

40
Q

Define episodic memory

A

The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.

41
Q

Define transience

A

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

42
Q

Define retroactive interference

A

Later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier

43
Q

Define proactive interference

A

Earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later

44
Q

Define primacy effect

A

People have a good memory for items at the beginning of the list. Reflects long term memory

45
Q

Define recency effect

A

People have a good memory for the items at the end of a list. Reflects working memory

46
Q

Define absentmindedness

A

Lapse in attention that results in memory failure.

47
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering to do things on the future

48
Q

Define memory blocking

A

Failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it. Typically occurs with names and places

49
Q

Define memory misattribution

A

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source

50
Q

Define source memory

A

Recall of when, where and how information was acquired

51
Q

Define destination memory

A

Remembering who we have told something before

52
Q

Define false recognition

A

Feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before. (Misattribution error)

53
Q

Deja vecu

A

Mistaken belief that one has already lived through an experience and remember the details of what happened

54
Q

Define suggestibility

A

The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

55
Q

Define bias

A

The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences.

56
Q

Define consistency bias

A

The bias to reconstruct the past to fit the present

57
Q

Define Change bias

A

After an investment of effort in producing change, remembering ones past performance as consistent with the change

58
Q

Define egocentric bias

A

The tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect

59
Q

Define persistence

A

The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

60
Q

Define flashbulb memories

A

Detailed recollections of when and and where we heard about shocking events

61
Q

Persistence is caused by

A

Activation of the amygdala

62
Q

What are the seven sins of memory

A 
Transience
Absentmindedness 
Blocking
Memory misattribution 
Suggestibility 
Bias
Persistence

Psychology 111 (7 decks)

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