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Psychology 111 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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0
Q

Define phenomenology

A

How things seem to the conscious person

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1
Q

Define consciousness

A

A persons subjective experience of the world and the mind.

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2
Q

Define Problem of other minds

A

The fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others

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3
Q

What are consciousness’ four basic properties

A

Intentionality, unity, selectivity, and transience.

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4
Q

Define intentionality

A

Being directed toward an object

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5
Q

Define unity

A

Resistance to division

- divided attention

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6
Q

Define selectivity

A

The capacity to include some objects but not others. Like dichotic listening and cocktail party phenomenon.

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7
Q

Define dichotic listening

A

A task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear

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8
Q

Define cocktail party phenomenon

A

Tuning in one message while filtering out others nearby

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9
Q

Define transience

A

The tendency to change

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10
Q

Define minimal form consciousness

A

Consciousness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behaviour.

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11
Q

Define full consciousness

A

You know and are able to report your mental state

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12
Q

Define self-consciousness

A

Where the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object (embarrassment, introspection of thoughts)

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13
Q

Define experience sampling

A

People are asked to report their conscious experience at particular times. Demonstrating that consciousness is dominated by the immediate environment (current concerns)

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14
Q

Define day dreaming

A

A state of consciousness when seemingly purposeless flow of thoughts comes to mind

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15
Q

Define mental control

A

The attempt to change conscious states of mind

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16
Q

Define thought suppression

A

The conscious avoidance of a thought

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17
Q

Define rebound effect

A

The tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression

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18
Q

Define the ironic process of mental control

A

Ironic errors occur because the mental process that monitors errors can itself produce them.

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19
Q

Define Sigmund Freuds dynamic unconscious

A

And active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires, and the persons inner struggle to control these forces.

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20
Q

Define repression

A

A mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness.

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21
Q

Define Freudian slips

A

Evidence of the unconscious mind in speech errors and lapses of consciousness.

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22
Q

Define cognitive unconscious

A

Processes that influence thoughts, choices, emotions, and behaviour not experienced by the person

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23
Q

Define subliminal perception

A

A thought or behaviour that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving

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24
Q

Define altered state of consciousness

A

A form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind

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25
Q

Define hypnagogic state

A

Pre-sleep consciousness

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26
Q

Define Hypnic jerk

A

Sudden quiver or sensation of dropping or falling.

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27
Q

Define hypnopompic state

A

Entering post sleep consciousness

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28
Q

Define circadian rhythm

A

A naturally occurring 24hr cycle. Humans have a 25.1 hr circadian cycle of sleep and waking. Linked to the light dark cycle.

29
Q

Beta waves relate to

A

Alertness

30
Q

Alpha waves relate to

A

Relaxation and drowsiness

31
Q

Define REM sleep

A

A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement.

32
Q

What is a electrooculogaph (EOG)

A

An instrument that measures eye movement

33
Q

Define restoration

A

Restorative theory suggests sleep allows the brain and body to rest and repair themselves

34
Q

Define insomnia

A

Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep

35
Q

Define sleep apnea

A

A disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

36
Q

Define somnambulism

A

Aka sleepwalking. A person arises and walks during sleep.

37
Q

Define sleep paralysis

A

The experience of waking up unable to move.

38
Q

Define night terrors

A

Abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal.

39
Q

Define narcolepsy

A

A disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities.

40
Q

What are dreamings 5 major characteristics

A
  • intense emotion
  • illogical thought
  • meaningful sensation
  • uncritical acceptance
  • difficulty remembering
41
Q

Define day residue

A

Dream content that reflects prior waking experiences

42
Q

Define nightmares

A

An unpleasant dream that can cause a strong negative emotional response

43
Q

Difference between REM dreams and non REM

A

REM dreams take the past and apply it to the future and create simulations. Non-REM mirror past experience in compressed form.

44
Q

What is Freudian dream theory

A

Confusing content because dreams represent wishes and some of these wishes are so taboo they can only be expressed in disguised form.

45
Q

Define manifest content

A

A dreams apparent topic or superficial meaning

46
Q

Define latent content

A

A dreams true underlying meaning

47
Q

Define the activation synthesis model

A

Dreams are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random activity that occurs in the brain during sleep

48
Q

Define evolutionary theories

A

Specifically applied to nightmares

49
Q

The dreaming brain facts

A
  • amygdala activation
  • visual perception is not activated while areas responsible for visual association are activated.
  • little activation in frontal cortex
  • motor cortex is activated but spinal neurons inhibit motor activation
50
Q

Define psychoactive drugs

A

Chemicals that influence consciousness or behaviour by altering the brains chemical messaging system.

51
Q

Define tolerance

A

Larger doses are needed to produce the desired effect.

52
Q

Define motivational toxicity

A

Describes a disruption of the motivational hierarchy.

53
Q

Define depressants

A

Substances that reduce the activity of the CNS. (Alcohol)

54
Q

Alcohol

A

Initial effects: euphoria and reduced anxiety.
Subsequent effects: slowed reaction times, slurred speech, poor judgement.
Alcohol increases GABA

55
Q

Define expectancy theory

A

Alcohol effects are produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations.

56
Q

Define balanced placebo design

A

Behaviour is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus.

57
Q

Define alcohol myopia

A

Alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations.

58
Q

What are some other depressants?

A

Barbiturates: prescribed sleeping pills
Benzodiazepines: minor tranquilizers like Valium or Xanax, and other anti anxiety drugs.
Toxic inhalants: glue, gasoline, and propane.

59
Q

Define stimulants

A

Substances that excite the CNS, heightening arousal and activity levels.

60
Q

Ecstasy

A

Hallucinogens

Increases serotonin and oxytocin

Causes feelings of empathy and closeness

61
Q

Cocaine

A

Derived from the leaves of the coco plant

Acts as serotonin norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor

62
Q

Narcotics

A

Drugs delivered from opium that are capable of relieving pain.

Heroin morphine methadone codeine

Highly addictive

63
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Drugs that alter sensation and perception often causing hallucinations

Eg. Lsd, ketamine.

64
Q

Define hypnosis

A

An altered state of consciousness characterized by suggestibility and the feeling that ones actions are occurring involuntary.

65
Q

Define hypnotic induction

A

A series of behavioural suggestions can induce a state of mind where individuals are susceptible to very unusual suggestions.

66
Q

What are fantasizers

A

People who score high in absorb toons scales, find it easy to block out real world stimuli without hypnosis.highly susceptible to hypnosis.

67
Q

What are dissociaters

A

People who often have a history of childhood abuse or other trauma. And are highly susceptible to hypnosis.

68
Q

Define hypnotherapy

A

The use of hypnosis in psychotherapy.

69
Q

Post hypnotic amnesia

A

The failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestion to forget

70
Q

Define hypnotic analgesia

A

The reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are hypnotically susceptible.

71
Q

Define meditation

A

The practice of intentional contemplation

Psychology 111 (7 decks)

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