Chapter 5 Flashcards
Define phenomenology
How things seem to the conscious person
Define consciousness
A persons subjective experience of the world and the mind.
Define Problem of other minds
The fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others
What are consciousness’ four basic properties
Intentionality, unity, selectivity, and transience.
Define intentionality
Being directed toward an object
Define unity
Resistance to division
- divided attention
Define selectivity
The capacity to include some objects but not others. Like dichotic listening and cocktail party phenomenon.
Define dichotic listening
A task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear
Define cocktail party phenomenon
Tuning in one message while filtering out others nearby
Define transience
The tendency to change
Define minimal form consciousness
Consciousness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behaviour.
Define full consciousness
You know and are able to report your mental state
Define self-consciousness
Where the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object (embarrassment, introspection of thoughts)
Define experience sampling
People are asked to report their conscious experience at particular times. Demonstrating that consciousness is dominated by the immediate environment (current concerns)
Define day dreaming
A state of consciousness when seemingly purposeless flow of thoughts comes to mind
Define mental control
The attempt to change conscious states of mind
Define thought suppression
The conscious avoidance of a thought
Define rebound effect
The tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression
Define the ironic process of mental control
Ironic errors occur because the mental process that monitors errors can itself produce them.
Define Sigmund Freuds dynamic unconscious
And active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires, and the persons inner struggle to control these forces.
Define repression
A mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness.
Define Freudian slips
Evidence of the unconscious mind in speech errors and lapses of consciousness.
Define cognitive unconscious
Processes that influence thoughts, choices, emotions, and behaviour not experienced by the person
Define subliminal perception
A thought or behaviour that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving
Define altered state of consciousness
A form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind
Define hypnagogic state
Pre-sleep consciousness
Define Hypnic jerk
Sudden quiver or sensation of dropping or falling.
Define hypnopompic state
Entering post sleep consciousness
Define circadian rhythm
A naturally occurring 24hr cycle. Humans have a 25.1 hr circadian cycle of sleep and waking. Linked to the light dark cycle.
Beta waves relate to
Alertness
Alpha waves relate to
Relaxation and drowsiness
Define REM sleep
A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement.
What is a electrooculogaph (EOG)
An instrument that measures eye movement
Define restoration
Restorative theory suggests sleep allows the brain and body to rest and repair themselves
Define insomnia
Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep
Define sleep apnea
A disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep
Define somnambulism
Aka sleepwalking. A person arises and walks during sleep.
Define sleep paralysis
The experience of waking up unable to move.
Define night terrors
Abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal.
Define narcolepsy
A disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities.
What are dreamings 5 major characteristics
- intense emotion
- illogical thought
- meaningful sensation
- uncritical acceptance
- difficulty remembering
Define day residue
Dream content that reflects prior waking experiences
Define nightmares
An unpleasant dream that can cause a strong negative emotional response
Difference between REM dreams and non REM
REM dreams take the past and apply it to the future and create simulations. Non-REM mirror past experience in compressed form.
What is Freudian dream theory
Confusing content because dreams represent wishes and some of these wishes are so taboo they can only be expressed in disguised form.
Define manifest content
A dreams apparent topic or superficial meaning
Define latent content
A dreams true underlying meaning
Define the activation synthesis model
Dreams are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random activity that occurs in the brain during sleep
Define evolutionary theories
Specifically applied to nightmares
The dreaming brain facts
- amygdala activation
- visual perception is not activated while areas responsible for visual association are activated.
- little activation in frontal cortex
- motor cortex is activated but spinal neurons inhibit motor activation
Define psychoactive drugs
Chemicals that influence consciousness or behaviour by altering the brains chemical messaging system.
Define tolerance
Larger doses are needed to produce the desired effect.
Define motivational toxicity
Describes a disruption of the motivational hierarchy.
Define depressants
Substances that reduce the activity of the CNS. (Alcohol)
Alcohol
Initial effects: euphoria and reduced anxiety.
Subsequent effects: slowed reaction times, slurred speech, poor judgement.
Alcohol increases GABA
Define expectancy theory
Alcohol effects are produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations.
Define balanced placebo design
Behaviour is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus.
Define alcohol myopia
Alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations.
What are some other depressants?
Barbiturates: prescribed sleeping pills
Benzodiazepines: minor tranquilizers like Valium or Xanax, and other anti anxiety drugs.
Toxic inhalants: glue, gasoline, and propane.
Define stimulants
Substances that excite the CNS, heightening arousal and activity levels.
Ecstasy
Hallucinogens
Increases serotonin and oxytocin
Causes feelings of empathy and closeness
Cocaine
Derived from the leaves of the coco plant
Acts as serotonin norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor
Narcotics
Drugs delivered from opium that are capable of relieving pain.
Heroin morphine methadone codeine
Highly addictive
Hallucinogens
Drugs that alter sensation and perception often causing hallucinations
Eg. Lsd, ketamine.
Define hypnosis
An altered state of consciousness characterized by suggestibility and the feeling that ones actions are occurring involuntary.
Define hypnotic induction
A series of behavioural suggestions can induce a state of mind where individuals are susceptible to very unusual suggestions.
What are fantasizers
People who score high in absorb toons scales, find it easy to block out real world stimuli without hypnosis.highly susceptible to hypnosis.
What are dissociaters
People who often have a history of childhood abuse or other trauma. And are highly susceptible to hypnosis.
Define hypnotherapy
The use of hypnosis in psychotherapy.
Post hypnotic amnesia
The failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestion to forget
Define hypnotic analgesia
The reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are hypnotically susceptible.
Define meditation
The practice of intentional contemplation
