DNA Transcriptions and Translations

Question 1

Central Dogma

Answer 1

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

Question 2

RNA splicing

Answer 2

The process of cutting mRNAs to remove introns and retain exons, present only in eukaryotes

Question 3

Ribonucleotide

Answer 3

Basic unit of RNA composed of a ribose sugar, nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or U), and phosphate group

Question 4

Repressor

Answer 4

A protein that inhibits the expression of a gene

Question 5

Telomere

Answer 5

End of chromosome made up of a repeating nucleotide sequence, present only in eukaryotes

Question 6

Promoter

Answer 6

Region of DNA within a gene from which transcription of that gene is initiated, RNA polymerase attaches here

Question 7

Telomerase

Answer 7

Enzyme that makes telomeres during DNA replication

Question 8

Introns

Answer 8

Segments of immature mRNA that are spliced out in RNA splicing, present only in eukaryotes

Question 9

Silent Mutation

Answer 9

Base change mutation that converts one codon into another sense codon encoding the same amino acid as the original codon

Question 10

Transposons

Answer 10

A DNA sequence that can change its position within the genome, has the potential to create (or reverse) mutations

Question 11

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 11

RNA molecules that encode the amino acid sequence of proteins during translation

Question 12

Hormone

Answer 12

Behavior-regulating hydrophobic signaling molecule, present only in eukaryotes

Question 13

Allosteric

Answer 13

When the three-dimensional shape of a protein changes

Question 14

Alternative Splicing

Answer 14

The process of cutting mRNA into a different combination of exons, causing the sequence to encode different proteins, present only in eukaryotes

Question 15

Nonsense Mutation

Answer 15

Base change that converts a codon within the coding sequence into a stop codon

Question 16

Missense Mutation

Answer 16

Base change that converts one codon into another sense codon

Question 17

Poly(A) Tail

Answer 17

Long tail of As on 3′ end of mRNAs, present only in eukaryotes

Question 18

Non-Conservative Mutation

Answer 18

A mutation which changes an amino acid to another amino acid that does not have similar biochemical properties

Question 19

Ribosome

Answer 19

Protein factory, made up of RNA and protein that mediate translation of mRNAs into protein

Question 20

Translation

Answer 20

The process of synthesizing a protein from a segment of RNA

Question 21

Frameshift Mutation

Answer 21

Addition or deletion of either one or two base pairs in a way that alters the coding sequence

Question 22

Insertion

Answer 22

Mutation in which extra base pairs are inserted into the open reading frame in a new place in DNA

Question 23

5′ - Cap

Answer 23

G-triphosphate cap on the 5′ end of mRNAs, present only in eukaryotes

Question 24

Exons

Answer 24

Segments of mRNA that are retained after splicing, present only in eukaryotes

Question 25

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 25

RNA molecules that recruit amino acids to the corresponding mRNA sequence within the ribosome during translation

Question 26

Hormone Receptor

Answer 26

Protein that binds hormone; can be located in the cytoplasm, cell membrane, or nuclear membrane; present only in eukaryotes

Question 27

Operon

Answer 27

A group of genes with related functions under the control of a single promoter, present in prokaryotes

Question 28

Reverse Transcriptase

Answer 28

RNA-directed DNA polymerase; The process of generating complementary DNA from an RNA template, present only in viruses

Question 29

Polyadenylation Site

Answer 29

The position on mRNA sequences where a poly(A)tail is attached, present only in eukaryotes

Question 30

Deletion

Answer 30

Mutation is which base pairs from within the open reading frame are deleted

Question 31

Retrovirus

Answer 31

Single-stranded RNA virus that carries reverse transcriptase

Question 32

Proof of evolution

Answer 32

we are sharing the same genetic code

Question 33

Start / stop codon

Answer 33

where the translation starts and ends

Question 34

Transcription process for Eukaryotic cells

Answer 34

Promoter --> transcriptase --> immature RNA --> mature RNA -->

Question 35

Telomere

Answer 35

End of chromosome made up of a repeating nucleotide sequence, present only in eukaryotes; to prevent losing of genetic materials in the process of DNA replication (primer does not start at the very beginning of the chromosomo): TTAGGG

Question 36

Immature RNA

Answer 36

Initial transcription Messager RNA

Question 37

mature RNA

Answer 37

mRNA after RNA splicing