Basica Chemical Structure and bonds

Question 1

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 1

A strong stable bond involving the sharing of electrons between two atoms

Question 2

What is the van der Waals force?

Answer 2

A weak bond, involving fluctuating partial charges between adjacent uncharged molecules; can be strong when many are put together; the force that geckos use to grip surfaces

Question 3

Hydrophobic forces

Answer 3

The clustering of nonpolar groups with each other in aqueous solutions (maximizing the number of hydrogen bonds water can make);
The reason oil and water don’t mix
Such as membrane

Question 4

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 4

~1-2 micrometers (microns) in length, typically Contains no organelles

Question 5

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 5

~10-40 micrometers (microns) in length typically, but can be much bigger

Question 6

Phospholipids

Answer 6

Amphipathic; long nonpolar chains of carbon and hydrogen with a charged phosphate head;
Form sheets and micelles in water

Question 7

Hydrogen bond

Answer 7

A bond between atoms carrying partial negative and positive charges due to the polar covalent bonds they participate in;
The bonds between the water molecules in this glass of water

Question 8

Oxygen

Answer 8

Makes 2 covalent bonds under biological conditions. Very electronegative.

Question 9

Carbon

Answer 9

Makes 4 covalent bonds under biological conditions

Question 10

Hydrogen

Answer 10

Makes 1 covalent bond under biological conditions. The smallest atom.

Question 11

Nitrogen

Answer 11

Makes 3-4 covalent bonds under biological conditions. Very electronegative.

Question 12

Phosphorus

Answer 12

Makes 5 covalent bonds under biological conditions. A key component of DNA and the energy currency of the cell, ATP.

Question 13

Sulfur

Answer 13

Makes up to 6 covalent bonds under biological conditions. Also a component of cysteine, allowing it to covalently link to other cysteines.

Question 14

CH / nonpolar bond

Answer 14

Share electrons evenly; non polar bond

Question 15

C=O; N-H; O-H / Polar bond

Answer 15

Share electrons unevenly

Question 16

Carbohydrates

Answer 16

Short, hydrophilic chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that can be joined in rings. Can be linked into long chains as well.
Individual chains named for the number of carbons they contain (pentose, hexose, etc.)

Question 17

Electronegativity

Answer 17

O, N&raquo_space; C,H

Question 18

Ionic bonds

Answer 18

In an ionic bond, one item donate one or more electrons to another item which becomes negatively charged; the donor atom becomes positively charged as a result; opposite attracts

Question 19

Membrane

Answer 19

Membrane is a lipid bilayer; hydrophobic tails grouped together; hydrophilic heads adjacent to cytoplasm