DNA test Flashcards
passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring
heredity
How does heredity happen?
reproduction
blueprint of life (has instructions for making an organism)
DNA
uncoiled DNA
chromatin
coiled DNA
chromosome
you have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs in the (blank) of each body cell
nucleus
a segment of DNA that codes for a protein, which in turn codes for a trait; a stretch of DNA
gene
DNA is located in the (blank) of the cell
nucleus
DNA codes for your…
proteins
who discovered DNA in 1928?
Rosalind Franklin
DNA is made from…
nucleotides
what are the three nucleotide components?
deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
DNA is shaped similar to a ladder…..aka…
double helix
The rungs are composed of 2 bases (a purine and pyrimidine) joined at the center by weak (blank) bonds
hydrogen
adenine and guanine?
purine
thymine and cytosine?
pyrimidines
orientation of the sugar has carbon on the left
5’-3’
orientation of the sugar has carbon on the right
3’-5’
The (blank) strand is oriented 5’-3’ and the (blank) strand is opposite 3’-5’
top; bottom
In 1962, (blank) and (blank) discovered that A always bonds with T and C bonds with G
Watson and Crick
(blank) and (blank) are complementary. They both require (blank) hydrogen bonds. both
adenine and thymine; 2
cytosine and guanine; 3
(blank) of bases determines the genetic information and is unique to each organism
sequence
If the organisms are closely related the more (blank) the DNA nucleotide sequence would be.
alike
The rungs of the ladder can occur in any order (as long as the (blank) is followed)
base pair rule
If the order of base pairs in a DNA molecule is changed, what might occur?
Mutations
DNA is made of (blank) strand(s) of nucleotides
two
The DNA from each side is (blank) to the other side
complementary
Functions of DNA: to direct and control ….
protein synthesis
(blank)=reproducing an exact copy of DNA so that the information can be passed on during cellular division
DNA replication
(blank) is the process where DNA makes a copy of itself
Replication
(blank)=parental strands of DNA separate, serve as a template, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA
Semi-conservative replication
Semi-conservative replication helps (blank) the number of copying errors
reduce
DNA replication: 3 stages: (blank), base pairing, and joining.
unwinding
DNA replicates right before a cell divides (blank)
mitosis
DNA helicase (a(n) blank) unwinds and unzips the double helix and begins to break the H bonds between the nitrogen bases
enzyme
(blank) (an enzyme) runs along the parent chain of DNA in the 3’5’ direction and bonds free floating nucleotides to the parent chain–based on base pairing rules
DNA polymerase
the newly assembled strand is called a (blank) of nucleotides and reforms the double helix
leading strand
Each new strand is a (blank) of parent strand
complement
Because DNA synthesis can only occur 5’ to 3’, a second type of (blank) binds to the other template strand as the double helix opens
DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase synthesizes discontinuous segments of nucleotides (called (blank)
Okazaki fragments
Another enzyme, (blank) then bonds these Okazaki fragments together into the (blank)
DNA ligase; lagging strand
Therefore, the result is the formation of (blank) DNA molecules, each of which is identical to the original DNA molecule
2
A pigment called (blank), a (blank), is what you see as the color in hair
melanin; protein
The lengths of your bones are made up of a framework of (blank)
protein fibers
Heredity material controls the making of proteins. This is what (blank) does
DNA
the order of (blank) (ATCG) determines the type of (blank) that is assembled
nitrogenous bases; proteins
If the order of bases is accidentally changed, then (blank) occur which can change the proteins that need to be made
Mutations
In the (blank) of each cell, there are tiny organelles where proteins are assembled. What are they called?
cytoplasm; ribosome
Something must carry these instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm This messenger molecule is…
mRNA
Strands of nucleotides: DNA () RNA()
Sugars: DNA () RNA ()
Nitrogen bases: DNA () RNA ()
double; single
deoxyribose; ribose
thymine; uracil
(blank)- messenger RNA
mRNA
mRNA structure:
single stranded
Function (mRNA): carries the (blank) message from the nucleus to the ribosomes
DNA
(blank)=set of three nitrogen bases representing an amino acid
codon
(blank)- transfer RNA
tRNA
tRNA structure: has an (blank) that is complement to the (blank) at one end and an (blank) at the other end. (blank) shaped
anticodon; mRNA codon; amino acid; folded
(blank) -ribosomal RNA
rRNA
rRNA creates the (blank) between the amino acids during protein production
peptide bonds
Protein Synthesis: the (blank) created is determined by the base arrangement in DNA (code sentence)
protein
Protein Synthesis: (blank) transfers this information to (blank), which carries the code to the ribosome where tRNA decodes it.
DNA; mRNA
PS: (blank) anticodons pair with mRNA’s codons. Then (blank) forms peptide bonds between (blank) to form a (blank)
tRNA; rRNA; amino acids; protein
(blank)=is the process through which (blank) transfers the code to (blank). Takes place in the (blank)
Transcription; DNA; mRNA; nucleus
(blank)=is the process through which (blank) is decoded and forms a (blank). Takes place at a (blank)
Translation; mRNA; protein; ribosome
(blank) (enzyme) attaches at a specific location on DNA
RNA polymerase
The enzyme then causes the DNA strands to separate from one another and allow one of the DNA strands to be (blank)
decoded
mRNA nucleotides are floating around in the nucleus find their complement on the DNA strand and (blank) together. This is possible due to the base-pairing rules
bond
The mRNA leaves (blank) through a nuclear pore and enters the (blank) and goes to (blank) for protein synthesis
nucleus; cytoplasm; ribosomes
It ((originial double helix) is needed to get the (blank) out of the (blank) so the ribosomes know what (blank) to make
DNA message; nucleus; protein
You can/cannot replace the hair you lose every day
cannot
Cells would fall apart because the proteins were not being …..
replaced
First codon of mRNA attaches to ….
a ribosome
(blank)- each carries a specific amino acid; the tRNA anti-codon will pair up with its complementary mRNA codon
tRNA
when the 1st and 2nd amino acid is in place, the rRNA joins them by forming a (blank)
peptide bond
the tRNA is (blank) to find another of the same amino acid so the process can occur again and again
recycled
Translation makes all the (blank) that the body needs
proteins
start or initiation codon
AUG
stop or termination codon
UAA, UAG, UGA
mRNA and tRNA never have (blank) in the sequence! Always use the (blank) strand to code for the (blank)
T’s; mRNA; amino acid
Why is DNA replication semi-conservative?
helps reduce the number of copying errors
During replication, what causes the hydrogen bonds to break?
DNA helicase
What happens after the hydrogen bonds are broken?
base pairing
After free floating nucleotides are bonded to their complement, what name is given to the newly assembled strand?
leading strand
DNA ligase bonds (blank) fragments together forming the (blank) strand
Okazaki; lagging
How many strands of mRNA are transcribed from the two unzipped strands of DNA?
1
How are the accuracy of DNA and mRNA codes assured?
base pairing
what is located at each end of a tRNA molecule?
anticodon amino acid
where must an mRNA attach before protein production can begin?
ribosome
how many bases are needed to specify an mRNA codon?
3
How does mRNA get out of the nucleus?
nuclear pore
What is the difference between an amino acid and a protein?
monomer/single unit; polymer/chain of amino acids
(blank) is the enzyme that runs along the parent chain of DNA and bonds free floating nucleotides to those of the parent chain–based on base pairing rules
DNA polymerase
(blank) are short segments of DNA synthesized discontinuously in small segments in 3’-5’ direction by DNA polymerase.
Okazaki fragment
what is a codon?
a set of three nitrogen bases representing an amino acid
the DNA strand that is continuously built by the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ end during replication
leading strand
the DNA strand that is discontinuously built into small Okazaki fragments during replication
lagging strand
the enzyme that chemically links Okazaki fragments together
DNA ligase
(blank) are 3 nitrogen bases that are complement to the mRNA codon.
Anticodons
function of mRNA
carries DNA message from nucleus to ribosome
function of tRNA
carries amino acids to the ribosomes for protein production
function of rRNA
creates peptide bonds between amino acids
true/false DNA can leave the nucleus
false
difference between replication and protein synthesis
replication: DNA makes a copy of itself. protein synthesis is forming proteins based on info in DNA and carried out by RNA
mutation causing replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material, DNA or RNA. In other words, one base-pair is replace by another. When a base is substituted and the new codon codes for a different amino acid.
Point Mutation or Substitution
If a substitution changes the amino acid, it’s called a
missense mutation.
If a substitution does not change the amino acid, it’s called a/When a base pair is substituted but the change still codes for the same amino acid in the sequence.
silent mutation
If a substitution changes the amino acid to a “stop,” it’s called a
nonsense mutation
one or more base pairs is added to a sequence.
insertion
one or more base pairs is lost from a sequence
Deletion
When a substitution results in the formation of a STOP codon before all of the codons have been read and translated by the ribosome.
premature stop
When a deletion or insertion results in a different base pair being the beginning of the next codon, shifting it over, changing the whole sequence of amino acids. Meaning the reading “frame” changes, changing the amino acid sequence.
Frameshift
