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AP Biology/Anatomy > DNA test > Flashcards

DNA test Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring

A

heredity

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2
Q

How does heredity happen?

A

reproduction

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3
Q

blueprint of life (has instructions for making an organism)

A

DNA

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4
Q

uncoiled DNA

A

chromatin

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5
Q

coiled DNA

A

chromosome

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6
Q

you have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs in the (blank) of each body cell

A

nucleus

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7
Q

a segment of DNA that codes for a protein, which in turn codes for a trait; a stretch of DNA

A

gene

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8
Q

DNA is located in the (blank) of the cell

A

nucleus

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9
Q

DNA codes for your…

A

proteins

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10
Q

who discovered DNA in 1928?

A

Rosalind Franklin

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11
Q

DNA is made from…

A

nucleotides

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12
Q

what are the three nucleotide components?

A

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

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13
Q

DNA is shaped similar to a ladder…..aka…

A

double helix

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14
Q

The rungs are composed of 2 bases (a purine and pyrimidine) joined at the center by weak (blank) bonds

A

hydrogen

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15
Q

adenine and guanine?

A

purine

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16
Q

thymine and cytosine?

A

pyrimidines

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17
Q

orientation of the sugar has carbon on the left

A

5’-3’

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18
Q

orientation of the sugar has carbon on the right

A

3’-5’

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19
Q

The (blank) strand is oriented 5’-3’ and the (blank) strand is opposite 3’-5’

A

top; bottom

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20
Q

In 1962, (blank) and (blank) discovered that A always bonds with T and C bonds with G

A

Watson and Crick

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21
Q

(blank) and (blank) are complementary. They both require (blank) hydrogen bonds. both

A

adenine and thymine; 2

cytosine and guanine; 3

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22
Q

(blank) of bases determines the genetic information and is unique to each organism

A

sequence

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23
Q

If the organisms are closely related the more (blank) the DNA nucleotide sequence would be.

A

alike

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24
Q

The rungs of the ladder can occur in any order (as long as the (blank) is followed)

A

base pair rule

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25
Q

If the order of base pairs in a DNA molecule is changed, what might occur?

A

Mutations

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26
Q

DNA is made of (blank) strand(s) of nucleotides

A

two

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27
Q

The DNA from each side is (blank) to the other side

A

complementary

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28
Q

Functions of DNA: to direct and control ….

A

protein synthesis

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29
Q

(blank)=reproducing an exact copy of DNA so that the information can be passed on during cellular division

A

DNA replication

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30
Q

(blank) is the process where DNA makes a copy of itself

A

Replication

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31
Q

(blank)=parental strands of DNA separate, serve as a template, and produce DNA molecules that have one strand of parental DNA and one strand of new DNA

A

Semi-conservative replication

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32
Q

Semi-conservative replication helps (blank) the number of copying errors

A

reduce

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33
Q

DNA replication: 3 stages: (blank), base pairing, and joining.

A

unwinding

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34
Q

DNA replicates right before a cell divides (blank)

A

mitosis

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35
Q

DNA helicase (a(n) blank) unwinds and unzips the double helix and begins to break the H bonds between the nitrogen bases

A

enzyme

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36
Q

(blank) (an enzyme) runs along the parent chain of DNA in the 3’5’ direction and bonds free floating nucleotides to the parent chain–based on base pairing rules

A

DNA polymerase

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37
Q

the newly assembled strand is called a (blank) of nucleotides and reforms the double helix

A

leading strand

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38
Q

Each new strand is a (blank) of parent strand

A

complement

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39
Q

Because DNA synthesis can only occur 5’ to 3’, a second type of (blank) binds to the other template strand as the double helix opens

A

DNA polymerase

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40
Q

DNA polymerase synthesizes discontinuous segments of nucleotides (called (blank)

A

Okazaki fragments

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41
Q

Another enzyme, (blank) then bonds these Okazaki fragments together into the (blank)

A

DNA ligase; lagging strand

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42
Q

Therefore, the result is the formation of (blank) DNA molecules, each of which is identical to the original DNA molecule

A

2

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43
Q

A pigment called (blank), a (blank), is what you see as the color in hair

A

melanin; protein

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44
Q

The lengths of your bones are made up of a framework of (blank)

A

protein fibers

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45
Q

Heredity material controls the making of proteins. This is what (blank) does

A

DNA

46
Q

the order of (blank) (ATCG) determines the type of (blank) that is assembled

A

nitrogenous bases; proteins

47
Q

If the order of bases is accidentally changed, then (blank) occur which can change the proteins that need to be made

A

Mutations

48
Q

In the (blank) of each cell, there are tiny organelles where proteins are assembled. What are they called?

A

cytoplasm; ribosome

49
Q

Something must carry these instructions from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm This messenger molecule is…

A

mRNA

50
Q

Strands of nucleotides: DNA () RNA()
Sugars: DNA () RNA ()
Nitrogen bases: DNA () RNA ()

A

double; single
deoxyribose; ribose
thymine; uracil

51
Q

(blank)- messenger RNA

A

mRNA

52
Q

mRNA structure:

A

single stranded

53
Q

Function (mRNA): carries the (blank) message from the nucleus to the ribosomes

A

DNA

54
Q

(blank)=set of three nitrogen bases representing an amino acid

A

codon

55
Q

(blank)- transfer RNA

A

tRNA

56
Q

tRNA structure: has an (blank) that is complement to the (blank) at one end and an (blank) at the other end. (blank) shaped

A

anticodon; mRNA codon; amino acid; folded

57
Q

(blank) -ribosomal RNA

A

rRNA

58
Q

rRNA creates the (blank) between the amino acids during protein production

A

peptide bonds

59
Q

Protein Synthesis: the (blank) created is determined by the base arrangement in DNA (code sentence)

A

protein

60
Q

Protein Synthesis: (blank) transfers this information to (blank), which carries the code to the ribosome where tRNA decodes it.

A

DNA; mRNA

61
Q

PS: (blank) anticodons pair with mRNA’s codons. Then (blank) forms peptide bonds between (blank) to form a (blank)

A

tRNA; rRNA; amino acids; protein

62
Q

(blank)=is the process through which (blank) transfers the code to (blank). Takes place in the (blank)

A

Transcription; DNA; mRNA; nucleus

63
Q

(blank)=is the process through which (blank) is decoded and forms a (blank). Takes place at a (blank)

A

Translation; mRNA; protein; ribosome

64
Q

(blank) (enzyme) attaches at a specific location on DNA

A

RNA polymerase

65
Q

The enzyme then causes the DNA strands to separate from one another and allow one of the DNA strands to be (blank)

A

decoded

66
Q

mRNA nucleotides are floating around in the nucleus find their complement on the DNA strand and (blank) together. This is possible due to the base-pairing rules

A

bond

67
Q

The mRNA leaves (blank) through a nuclear pore and enters the (blank) and goes to (blank) for protein synthesis

A

nucleus; cytoplasm; ribosomes

68
Q

It ((originial double helix) is needed to get the (blank) out of the (blank) so the ribosomes know what (blank) to make

A

DNA message; nucleus; protein

69
Q

You can/cannot replace the hair you lose every day

A

cannot

70
Q

Cells would fall apart because the proteins were not being …..

A

replaced

71
Q

First codon of mRNA attaches to ….

A

a ribosome

72
Q

(blank)- each carries a specific amino acid; the tRNA anti-codon will pair up with its complementary mRNA codon

A

tRNA

73
Q

when the 1st and 2nd amino acid is in place, the rRNA joins them by forming a (blank)

A

peptide bond

74
Q

the tRNA is (blank) to find another of the same amino acid so the process can occur again and again

A

recycled

75
Q

Translation makes all the (blank) that the body needs

A

proteins

76
Q

start or initiation codon

A

AUG

77
Q

stop or termination codon

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

78
Q

mRNA and tRNA never have (blank) in the sequence! Always use the (blank) strand to code for the (blank)

A

T’s; mRNA; amino acid

79
Q

Why is DNA replication semi-conservative?

A

helps reduce the number of copying errors

80
Q

During replication, what causes the hydrogen bonds to break?

A

DNA helicase

81
Q

What happens after the hydrogen bonds are broken?

A

base pairing

82
Q

After free floating nucleotides are bonded to their complement, what name is given to the newly assembled strand?

A

leading strand

83
Q

DNA ligase bonds (blank) fragments together forming the (blank) strand

A

Okazaki; lagging

84
Q

How many strands of mRNA are transcribed from the two unzipped strands of DNA?

A

1

85
Q

How are the accuracy of DNA and mRNA codes assured?

A

base pairing

86
Q

what is located at each end of a tRNA molecule?

A

anticodon amino acid

87
Q

where must an mRNA attach before protein production can begin?

A

ribosome

88
Q

how many bases are needed to specify an mRNA codon?

A

3

89
Q

How does mRNA get out of the nucleus?

A

nuclear pore

90
Q

What is the difference between an amino acid and a protein?

A

monomer/single unit; polymer/chain of amino acids

91
Q

(blank) is the enzyme that runs along the parent chain of DNA and bonds free floating nucleotides to those of the parent chain–based on base pairing rules

A

DNA polymerase

92
Q

(blank) are short segments of DNA synthesized discontinuously in small segments in 3’-5’ direction by DNA polymerase.

A

Okazaki fragment

93
Q

what is a codon?

A

a set of three nitrogen bases representing an amino acid

94
Q

the DNA strand that is continuously built by the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ end during replication

A

leading strand

95
Q

the DNA strand that is discontinuously built into small Okazaki fragments during replication

A

lagging strand

96
Q

the enzyme that chemically links Okazaki fragments together

A

DNA ligase

97
Q

(blank) are 3 nitrogen bases that are complement to the mRNA codon.

A

Anticodons

98
Q

function of mRNA

A

carries DNA message from nucleus to ribosome

99
Q

function of tRNA

A

carries amino acids to the ribosomes for protein production

100
Q

function of rRNA

A

creates peptide bonds between amino acids

101
Q

true/false DNA can leave the nucleus

A

false

102
Q

difference between replication and protein synthesis

A

replication: DNA makes a copy of itself. protein synthesis is forming proteins based on info in DNA and carried out by RNA

103
Q

mutation causing replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material, DNA or RNA. In other words, one base-pair is replace by another. When a base is substituted and the new codon codes for a different amino acid.

A

Point Mutation or Substitution

104
Q

If a substitution changes the amino acid, it’s called a

A

missense mutation.

105
Q

If a substitution does not change the amino acid, it’s called a/When a base pair is substituted but the change still codes for the same amino acid in the sequence.

A

silent mutation

106
Q

If a substitution changes the amino acid to a “stop,” it’s called a

A

nonsense mutation

107
Q

one or more base pairs is added to a sequence.

A

insertion

108
Q

one or more base pairs is lost from a sequence

A

Deletion

109
Q

When a substitution results in the formation of a STOP codon before all of the codons have been read and translated by the ribosome.

A

premature stop

110
Q

When a deletion or insertion results in a different base pair being the beginning of the next codon, shifting it over, changing the whole sequence of amino acids. Meaning the reading “frame” changes, changing the amino acid sequence.

A

Frameshift

AP Biology/Anatomy (9 decks)

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