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AP Biology/Anatomy > Chapter 13: Meiosis > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a genome?

A

The complete complement of an organismʹs genes

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2
Q

Which of the following statements about genes is incorrect?

A

One gene only is used in a specific cell type.

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3
Q

Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction differ in all but which of the following ways?

A

Asexual reproduction is utilized only by fungi and protists, whereas sexual reproduction is utilized only by plants and animals.

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4
Q

If a horticulturist breeding gardenias succeeds in having a single plant with a particularly desirable set of traits, which of the following would be her most probable and efficient route to establishing a line of such plants?

A

Clone the plant asexually to produce an identical one.

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5
Q

Asexual reproduction results in identical offspring unless which of the following occurs?

A

Mutation

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6
Q

The human genome is minimally contained in which of the following?

A

Every human cell

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7
Q

A geneʹs location along a chromosome is known as which of the following?

A

Locus

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8
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes within a cell, organized according to size and shape

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9
Q

At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes usually photographed in the preparation of a karyotype?

A

Metaphase

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10
Q

The human X and Y chromosomes

A

include genes that determine an individualʹs sex.

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11
Q

Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16?

A

Each cell has 8 homologous pairs.

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12
Q

Eukaryotic sexual life cycles show tremendous variation. Of the following elements, whichndo all sexual life cycles have in common?

I. Alternation of generations
II. Meiosis
III. Fertilization
IV. Gametes
V. Spores
A

II, III, and IV

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13
Q

Which of these statements is false?

A

At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes produce diploid gametes by meiosis.

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14
Q

In animals, meiosis results in gametes, and fertilization results in

A

zygotes.

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15
Q

Referring to a plant sexual life cycle, which of the following terms describes the process that leads directly to the formation of gametes?

A

Gametophyte mitosis

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16
Q

Which of the following is an example of alternation of generations?

A

A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces, by meiosis, a spore that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte).

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17
Q

Which of the life cycles is typical for animals? (number)

A

I only

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18
Q

Which of the life cycles is typical for plants and some algae? (number)

A

III only

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19
Q

Which of the life cycles is typical for most fungi and some protists? (number)

A

II only

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20
Q

In part III of Figure 13.1, the progression of events corresponds to which of the following series?

A

Sporophyte, meiosis, spore, mitosis, gametophyte, mitosis, gametes, fertilization

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21
Q

In a life cycle such as that shown in part III of Figure 13.1, if the zygoteʹs chromosome number is 10, which of the following will be true?

A

The sporophyteʹs chromosome number per cell is 10 and the gametophyteʹs is 5.

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22
Q

The karyotype of one species of primate has 48 chromosomes. In a particular female, cell division goes awry and she produces one of her eggs with an extra chromosome (25). The most probable source of this error would be a mistake in which of the following?

A

Either anaphase I or II

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23
Q

A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. We can therefore conclude which of the following?

A

Its gametes must have 23 chromosomes.`

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24
Q

A triploid cell contains three sets of chromosomes. If a cell of a usually diploid species with 42 chromosomes per cell is triploid, this cell would be expected to have which of the following?

A

63 chromosomes in 21 sets of 3

25
Q

A karyotype results from which of the following?

A

The ordering of human chromosome images

26
Q

After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is

A

haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids.

27
Q

How do cells at the completion of meiosis compare with cells that have replicated their DNA and are just about to begin meiosis?

A

They have half the number of chromosomes and one-fourth the amount of DNA.

28
Q

When does the synaptonemal complex disappear?

A

Late prophase of meiosis I

29
Q

For the following questions, match the key event of meiosis with the stages listed below.

I. Prophase IV. Prophase II

II. Metaphase I VI. Metaphase II

III. Anaphase I VII. Anaphase II

IV. Telophase I VIII. Telophase II

29) Tetrads of chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle; alignment determines independent assortment.

A

II. Metaphase I

30
Q

Synapsis of homologous pairs occurs; crossing over may occur. (number)

A

I. Prophase

31
Q

Centromeres of sister chromatids disjoin and chromatids separate. (number)

A

VII. Anaphase II

32
Q

Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?

A

Homologous chromosomes are separated.

33
Q

Which diagram represents prophase I of meiosis? (number)

A

IV

34
Q

A cell divides to produce two daughter cells that are genetically different.

A

The statement is true for meiosis I only.

35
Q

Homologous chromosomes synapse and crossing over occurs.

A

The statement is true for meiosis I only.

36
Q

Chromatids are separated from each other.

A

The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II.

37
Q

Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs.

A

The statement is true for meiosis I only.

38
Q

You have in your possession a microscope slide with meiotic cells on it and a light microscope. What would you look for if you wanted to identify metaphase I cells on the slide?

A

Tetrads lined up at the center of the cell

39
Q

If the cells were from a plant, which sample might represent a gametophyte cell? (number)

A

III

40
Q

Which sample of DNA might be from a nerve cell arrested in G0 of the cell cycle? (number)

A

I

41
Q

Which sample might represent an animal cell in G2 phase of the cell cycle? (number)

A

II

42
Q

Which sample might represent a sperm cell? (number)

A

III

43
Q

The following questions refer to the essential steps in meiosis described below.

  1. Formation of four new nuclei, each with half the chromosomes present in the parental nucleus
  2. Alignment of tetrads at the metaphase plate
  3. Separation of sister chromatids
  4. Separation of the homologues; no uncoupling of the centromere
  5. Synapsis; chromosomes moving to the middle of the cell in pairs
    43) From the descriptions above, which of the following is the order that most logically illustrates a sequence of meiosis?
A

5, 2, 4, 3, 1

44
Q

Which of the steps take place in both mitosis and meiosis? (number)

A
  1. Separation of sister chromatids
45
Q

Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?

A

Synapsis of chromosomes

46
Q

If an organism is diploid and a certain gene found in the organism has 18 known alleles (variants), then any given organism of that species can/must have which of the following?

A

At most, 2 alleles for that gene

47
Q

Whether during mitosis or meiosis, sister chromatids are held together by proteins referred to as cohesions. Such molecules must have which of the following properties?

A

They must be removed before anaphase can occur.

48
Q

Experiments with cohesions have found that

A

cohesions are protected from cleavage at the centromere during meiosis I.

49
Q

A tetrad includes which of the following sets of DNA strands?

A

Two sets of sister chromatids that have synapsed

50
Q 
A certain (hypothetical) organism is diploid, has either blue or orange wings as the consequence of one of its genes, and has either long or short antennae as the result of a second gene, as shown in Figure 13.4.
Figure 13.4
50) A certain femaleʹs chromosomes 12 both have the blue gene and chromosomes 19 both have the long gene. As cells in her ovaries undergo meiosis, her resulting eggs (ova) may have which of the following?
A

One chromosome 12 with one blue gene and one chromosome 19 with one long gene

51
Q

If a female of this species has one chromosome 12 with a blue gene and another chromosome 12 with an orange gene, she will produce which of the following egg types?

A

1/2 blue and 1/2 orange gene eggs

52
Q

A female with a paternal set of one orange and one long gene chromosomes and a maternal set comprised of one blue and one short gene chromosome is expected to produce which of the following types of eggs after meiosis?

A

Each egg has 1/4 chance of having blue long, blue short, orange long, or orange short combinations.

53
Q

Chiasmata are what we see under a microscope that let us know which of the following is occurring?

A

Crossing over

54
Q

How does the sexual life cycle increase the genetic variation in a species?

A

By allowing independent assortment of chromosomes

55
Q

For a species with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes, how many different combinations
of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible for the gametes?

A

About 8 million

56
Q

Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of

A

the random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I.

57
Q

When pairs of homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I,

A

the sister chromatids remain attached to one another.

58
Q

Natural selection and recombination due to crossing over during meiosis I are related in which of the following ways?

A

Recombinants may have combinations of traits that are favored by natural selection.

AP Biology/Anatomy (9 decks)

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