Ch 7. Skeletal System Flashcards
have long longitudinal axes and expanded ends. Examples are the forearm and thigh bones
Long bone
Somewhat cubelike, with their lengths and widths roughly equal. The bones of the wrists and ankles are this type.
Short bone
platelike structures with broad surfaces, such as the ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull.
Flat bone
have a variety of shapes and are usually connected to several other bones. They include the vertebrae that comprise the backbone and many facial bones
Irregular bone
also called sesamoid bones. They are usually small and nodular and are embedded within tendons adjacent to joints. Example is the kneecap (patella).
Round bone
Articulates (forms a joint) with another bone.
Epiphysis
The shaft of the bone, between the epiphyses
Diaphysis
fibrous connective tissue covering the surface on a bone.
Periosteum
Dense tissue in which cells are organized in osteons (Haversian systems) with no spaces.
Compact bone
Bone that consists of bars and plates separated by irregular spaces; cancellous bone
Spongy Bone
Connective tissue in spaces and in bones that includes blood-forming stem and progenitor cells.
Marrow
Bones that form from membrane-like layers of primitive connective tissue.
Intramembranous bone
bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts
Cells that erode bone
Osteoclasts
mature bone cells
Osteocytes
the formation of bone tissue
Ossification
Bones that originate as hyaline cartilage and are subsequently replaced by bone tissue.
Endochondral bones
an interlocking line of union between bones
Suture
Two or more bones joined by fibrous connective tissue.
Fibrous joint
Two or more bones that joined by cartilage.
Cartilaginous joint
Freely movable joints
Synovial joint
consists of a bone with a globular or slightly egg-shaped head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone. Such a joint allows a wider range of motion than does any other kind, permitting movements in all planes, as well as rotational movement around a central axis. The shoulder and hips have joints of this type.
Ball and socket joint
an oval-shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone, such as in the joints between the metacarpals and phalanges. This type of joint permits a variety of movements in different planes; rotational movement, however, is not possible
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Condyloid joint
also called plane joints. Articulating surfaces of these joints are flat or slightly curved. Most of the joints within the wrist, ankle and those between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae belong to this group. They allow sliding and twisting movements. The sacroiliac joints and the joints formed by the ribs connecting with the sternum are also these joints.
Gliding joint
the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another, as in the elbow and the joints of the phalanges. Such a joint resembles the hinge of a door in that it permits movement in one place only.
Hinge joint
the cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring formed of bone and ligament. Movement is limited to the rotation around the central axis. The joint between the proximal ends of the radius and the ulna is of this type.
Pivot joint
forms between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions. The surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of the other. This physical relationship permits a variety of movements, as in the joint between the carpal (trapezium) and metacarpal bones of the thumb.
Saddle joint
Functions of bone
Provide points of attachment for muscles, protect and support softer tissues, houses blood-producing cells, store inorganic salts, and form passageways for blood vessels and nerves.
Fibrous
Suture between bones of skull, joint between the distal ends of tibia and fibula
Cartilaginous
Joints between the bodies of vertebrae, symphysis pubis
Synovial
Most joints within the skeletal system
Ball-and-socket
Shoulder; hip
Condyloid or Ellipsoidal
Joints between the metacarpals and phalanges
Gliding or Plane
Joints between various bones of wrist and ankle, sacroiliac joints, joints between ribs 2-7 and sternum
Hinge
Elbow, joints of phalanges
Pivot
Joint between the proximal ends of radius and ulna
Saddle
Joint between the carpal and metacarpal of thumb.
