Ch. 6 Integumentary System

Question 1

The skin and its accessory structures.

Answer 1

Integumentary System

Question 2

The outer epithelial layer of the skin.

Answer 2

Epidermis

Question 3

The thick layer of the skin beneath the epidermis.

Answer 3

Dermis

Question 4

The layer beneath the skin.

Answer 4

Subcutaneous Layer

Question 5

The protein in epidermis, hair, and nails.

Answer 5

Keratin

Question 6

The process by which cells form fibrils of keratin and harden

Answer 6

Keratinization

Question 7

the older cells that harden during keratinization

Answer 7

Keratinocytes

Question 8

Dark pigment normally found in skin and hair

Answer 8

Melanin

Question 9

melanin-producing cell.

Answer 9

Melanocytes

Question 10

Protective coverings on the ends of fingers and toes.

Answer 10

Nails

Question 11

Overlies the nail bed.

Answer 11

Nail Plate

Question 12

This is the surface of the skin that the nail plate overlies.

Answer 12

Nail Bed

Question 13

whitish, thickened, half-shaped region at the base of a nail plate

Answer 13

Lunula

Question 14

a group of epidermal cells at the base of a tubelike depression

Answer 14

Hair Follicle

Question 15

the part of the hair extending from the surface of the dermis

Answer 15

Hair Root

Question 16

The remains constitute the structure that extends away from the skin surface.

Answer 16

Hairshaft

Question 17

An inherited condition in which a person has no melanin and has white hair.

Answer 17

Albinism

Question 18

smooth muscle in the skin associated with a hair follicle

Answer 18

Arrector Pili Muscle

Question 19

skin glands that secrete sebum

Answer 19

Sebaceous Glands

Question 20

oily secretion of sebaceous glands

Answer 20

Sebum

Question 21

sweat glands that maintain body temperature

Answer 21

Eccrine Glands

Question 22

type of gland whose secretions contain parts of secretory cells

Answer 22

Apocrine Glands

Question 23

Functions of Skin

Answer 23

Provides a protective covering, helps regulate body temperature, retards water loss from deeper tissues, houses sensory receptors, synthesizes various biochemicals, and excretes small quantities of wastes. Skin cells also help produce vitamin D which is necessary for normal bone and tooth development. Certain skin cells (keratinocytes) assist the immune system by producing hormonelike substances that stimulate the development of certain white blood cells (T lymphocytes).

Question 24

The structure of the skin. (Be able to label)

Answer 24

The skin has two distinct layers: the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis, outer layer, is composed of stratified squamous epithelium. The dermis, inner layer, is thicker than the epidermis and includes connective tissue consisting of collagenous and elastic fibers, epithelial tissue, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood. The basement membrane connects the two layers together.

Question 25

How does your body regulate temperature/why is it important?

Answer 25

The skin plays a key role in the homeostatic mechanism that regulates body temperature.Maintenance of a stable temperature requires that the amount of heat the body loses be balanced by the amount it produced. As body temperature rises, nerve impulses stimulate structures in the skin and other organs to release heat. For example, during physical exercise, active muscles release heat, which the blood carries away. The warmed blood reaches the part of the brain (the hypothalamus) that controls the body’s temperature set point, which signals muscles in the walls of dermal blood vessels to relax. As these vessels dilate (vasodilation), more blood enters them, and some of the heat and the blood carries escapes to the outside. At the same time that the skin loses heat, the nervous system stimulates the eccrine sweat glands to become active and to release sweat onto the skin surface. As this fluid evaporates, it carries heat away from the surface, cooling the body. It is important because even the slight shifts can disrupt the rates of metabolic reactions.

Question 26

How does the integumentary system heal a wound?

Answer 26

Blood vessels in affected tissues dilate and become more permeable, allowing fluids to leak into the damaged tissues. This provides the tissues with more nutrients and oxygen, which aids healing. If the injury extends into the dermis or subcutaneous layer, blood vessels break, and the escaping blood forms a clot in the wound. The blood clot and dried tissue fluids form a scab that covers and protects underlying tissues. Fibroblasts migrate into the injured region and begin forming new collagenous fibers that bind the edges of the wound together. Blood vessels extend into the area beneath the scab. Phagocytic cells remove dead cells and other debris. Eventually, the damaged tissues are replaced, and the scab sloughs off. In large, open wounds healing may be accompanied by formation of small, rounded masses called granulations that develop in the exposed tissues. The granulation consists of a new branch of a blood vessel and a cluster of collagen-secreting fibroblasts that the vessel nourishes. Some of the blood vessels are resorbed, and the fibroblasts move away, leaving a scar composed of collagenous fibers.

Question 27

What is the difference between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-degree burns?

Answer 27

A burn injuring the epidermis alone is 1st degree (superficial partial thickness.)

A burn that destroys the epidermis as well as some underlying dermis is 2nd degree (deep partial-thickness.)

A burn that destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and the accessory structures of the skin is 3rd degree

Question 28

How is the epidermis formed?

Answer 28

The deepest layer of epidermal cells is called the stratum basale or stratum germinativum, it is close to the dermis and is nourished by dermal blood vessels. When the cells of this layer divide and grow, the older epidermal cells are pushed away from the dermis toward the skin surface. The further the cells move, the poorer their nutrient supply becomes and they die. Other older cells keratinize which means they become tough and tightly packed, forming the epidermis. When dead cells or keratinized cells are shed from the skin regulatory systems begin the process of forming new ones to take their place.

Question 29

A

Answer 29

Nerve Cell

Question 30

B

Answer 30

Sweat Gland Duct

Question 31

C

Answer 31

pore

Question 32

D

Answer 32

hair shaft

Question 33

E

Answer 33

Sebaceous Gland

Question 34

F

Answer 34

Arrector Pili Muscle

Question 35

G

Answer 35

Stratum Corneum

Question 36

H

Answer 36

Stratum Basale

Question 37

I

Answer 37

Dermis

Question 38

J

Answer 38

Subcutaneous Layer

Question 39

K

Answer 39

Blood Vessels

Question 40

L

Answer 40

Sweat Gland

Question 41

M

Answer 41

Touch Receptor

Question 42

N

Answer 42

hair follicle