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Cell Bio > DNA structure And Replication > Flashcards

DNA structure And Replication Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genome DNA is in the form of

A

Chromatin

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2
Q

Genome DNA is bound to which proteins

A

Histones and non Histones

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3
Q

Histones bind DNA mainly as nucleosomes
composed of 2 copies of each

A

H2A
H2B
H3
H4

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4
Q

Amino acids in Histones are subject to______ which regulate the activity of underlying genomic regions

A

posttranslational modifications (PTMs)

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5
Q

_________are required for normal
chromosome segregation in mitosis and
meiosis

A

Centromeres

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6
Q

a substantial proportion of
human pathology stems from
abnormalities of

A

Chromosome segregation

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7
Q

The primary sequence of cenromeres are

A

Alpha satellite DNA

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8
Q

______________are DNA
sequences that have the ability to
change their position within a genome

A

Transposons (DNA)

retro (RNA) transposons.

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9
Q

Transposable elements drive______ of genomes by
facilitating the translocation of genomic
sequences, the shuffling of exons, and the
repair of double-stranded breaks

A

Evolution

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10
Q

DNA transposons move by

A

Cut and paste

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11
Q

Retrotransposons move

A

Copy and paste

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12
Q

Retrotransposotion takes place in both

A

The nucleus and cytoplasm

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13
Q

Each nucleotide is composed of

A

1) a phosphate group, (2) a five-carbon sugar, or
pentose, and (3) a cyclic nitrogen-containing
compound called a base.

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14
Q

In DNA the sugar associated is

A

2-deoxyribose

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15
Q

in RNA, the sugar is

A

Ribose

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16
Q

The DNA backbone is a polymer
with an

A

Alternating sugar phosphate sequence

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17
Q

Deoxyribose sugars are joined at both the _______to phosphate groups in ester links called _______

A

3’ and 5’ hydroxyl groups; phospodiester bonds

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18
Q

Nucleotides are arranged in what shape

A

Double helix

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19
Q

In the DNA The two polynucleotide strands are held together
in their helical configuration by

A

hydrogen bonding

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20
Q

Adenine and thymine form how many hydrogen bonds

A

2

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21
Q

Cytosine and guanine form how many hydrogen bonds

A

3

22
Q

Chargaffs rule states

A

%A = %T and %G = %C.

23
Q

Purine bases are

A

Adenine and guanine

24
Q

Pyramiding bases are

A

Cytosine and thymine and uracil

25
Q

Thymine and uracil differ in that

A

Thymine has a methyl group and uracil does not

26
Q

DNA replicates in what phase of the cell cycle

A

S phase

27
Q

Each strand of DNA serves as a template for

A

DNA polymerase

28
Q

What does DNA polymerase do

A

Catalyze the addition of the correct bases during the synthesis of the new strand

29
Q

Which strand is continuously synthesized by DNA polymerase

A

Leading strand

30
Q

Synthesis of the lagging strand is done by

A

Okazaki fragments

31
Q

DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in what direction

A

5’ to 3’

32
Q

What are ORC proteins

A

enzymes that recognize the origin of replication

33
Q

What is the function of topoisomerase

A

Relieves stress of the supercoils

34
Q

What is the function of primate

A

Synthesizes RNA primers

35
Q

What does DNA ligaments do

A

Seals Okazaki fragments into a continuous strand

36
Q

All polymerases require

A

Pre existing DNA and a free 3’-hydroxyl

37
Q

What does exonuclease do

A

Proofreading

38
Q

In eukaryotes, initiator proteins are

A

ORC
Cdc6
Cdt1

39
Q

Initiator proteins recruit the______

A

Helicase

40
Q

Heliscase is activated in which phase

A

S phase

41
Q

Polymerase and primate are added to the complex only when

A

Helicase is activated

42
Q

Helicase is only activated when________activity begins

A

CDK/DDK kinases

43
Q

Telomeres prevent ______during replication

A

DNA degration

44
Q

The repeated sequence of telomeres is

A

TTAGGG

45
Q

Synthesis of telomeres is done by

A

The reverse transcriptase telomerase

46
Q

Cell senescence is when

A

The cell is unable to divide and triggers apoptosis

47
Q

Cell senescence occurs when

A

Telomeres are progressively shortened after each cell division

48
Q

telomeres length and telomerase activity are crucial for

A

Cancer initiation and the survival of tumours

49
Q

Helicase is a complex of proteins containing

A

CDC6, Mcm2-7 and GINS

50
Q

3’ exonuclease activity is involved in

A

Proofreading

51
Q

5’ exonuclease activity is involved in

A

Primer removal

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