Cell Death Flashcards
Senescence refers to
Cell cycle arrest
Senescence is associated with
Lipofuscin
Lipofuscin is composed of lipid containing residues originating from
Lysosomal digestion
Proliferation is associated with
The cell cycle to maintain a pool of cells
Dormancy of a cell refers to when a cell is
Alive but with very little function
And example of dormancy is the
Dormant metastatic cells in cancer patients
What are the 2 types of cell death
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Apoptosis refers to
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis is beneficial to the body. T/F
True
An example of apoptosis deficiency is ________which is when webbed fingers and toes are formed as a result of the lack of removal supernumerary cells in embryonic development
Syndaktyly
Apoptosis has 2 kinds of triggers. What are they?
Internal triggers
External triggers
The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis starts in which organelle
Mitochondria
The release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria is activated by
BCL2 family sensors
The formation of BAX and BAK are to
Form channels in the mitochondria so that cytochrome C can leak into the cytosol
Block BCL2 and BCL-XL
BAX and BAK are activated by
BAD and PUMA
the function of BCL2 and BCL-XL are to
Block BAX and BAK channels
Do not allow the release of cytochrome C
The release of cytochrome C initiates the activation of________which then initiates the activation of __________
Caspase 9; caspase 3
The functions of caspase 3 are
Activation of CADS
Lysis of nuclear skeleton
Cytochrome c is located on the ________of the mitochondria
Inner membrane
Cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria through
a channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane known as
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP)
In the cytosol, cytochrome c induces formation of a
Apoptosome
Apoptosomes activates
Caspase 9
The function of CAD’S is to
Condense the chromatin
Apoptosis induces the loss of which cytoskeleton component
Actin
Apoptotic bodies are cleared by
Macrophages
Macrophages recognize apoptotic bodies by_______which is located on the outer surface of the apoptotic body
Phospatidylserine.
These are located in the inner membrane of healthy cells
Necrosis is the cell death as a result of
Injury
The most common mechanism of necrosis is
Hypoxia and Ischemia
Hypoxia is the reduction of
O2 availability
Hypoxia is cause by _______which is a reduction of blood flow in the tissues
Ischemia
Hypoxia leads to a reduction in__________which causes ATP depletion
Oxidative phosphorylation
ATP depletion causes swelling of the mitochondria because it causes the insufficiency of the________which causes an influx of water
Na pump
ATP depletion causes the activation of _______which results in the accumulation of lactic acid
Anaerobic glycolysis
What are free radicals
Chemical species with a single unpaired electron
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body are
Superoxide radical; hydroxyl radical
ROS are produced during
Electron transfer in the respiratory chain
ROS indused injury includes
Lipid peroxidation
Protein unfolding and misfiling
DNA damage
Irreversible injury of a cell is caused by the
Rupture of membranes
Damage to the mitochondria causes
Swelling
Accumulation of small amorphous densities
Damage to the endoplasmic reticulum causes
Detached ribosomes
Damage to the cytomembrame causes
Blabbing and blunting
Loss of microvilli
Reversible injury is caused by
Injury of membranes
Injury of membranes (reversible) causes
Increased permeability
What are the 3 types of nuclear changes
Karyolyisi
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Apoptosis may start with one of the 3;
Karyolyisi
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Pyknosis
Pyknosis is defined as
Nuclear shrinkage and clumping of the chromosomes
Karyolysis can be decribed as
Nuclear dissolution
