DNA structure and protein synthesis

Question 1

Where is DNA found?

Answer 1

The nucleus

Question 2

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 2

Controls protein synthesis

Question 3

Where are proteins synthesised?

Answer 3

Ribosomes

Question 4

What is the ‘Backbone of DNA’ made from?

Answer 4

Alternating sugar and phosphate sections

Question 5

What is attached to the sugar?

Answer 5

A base

Question 6

How many types of base are there?

Answer 6

4

Question 7

What are the names of the bases?

Answer 7

A,T,C,G

Question 8

What is the combination of sugar, phosphate and base called?

Answer 8

Nucleotide

Question 9

What are nucleotide units grouped into?

Answer 9

Threes

Question 10

What are the 3 nucleotides called?

Answer 10

Codons

Question 11

What do different codons do?

Answer 11

Dictate different amino acids

Question 12

What are amino acids used for?

Answer 12

Making proteins

Question 13

What type of molecule is a nucleotide?

Answer 13

Monomer

Question 14

What type of molecule is DNA

Answer 14

Polymer

Question 15

What is it called when a base changes?

Answer 15

Mutation

Question 16

What can mutations do?

Answer 16

Change the protein structure

Question 17

Are mutations good or bad?

Answer 17

Both, they can improve protein structure or make it worse

Question 18

What DNA bases are always linked

Answer 18

A-T
C-G

Question 19

What shape is DNA in?

Answer 19

Double helix

Question 20

What is a gene?

Answer 20

A sequence of nucleotides

Question 21

What is transcription?

Answer 21

The process of taking a single gene of DNA and copying it into a structure called mRNA

Question 22

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 22

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 23

What does RNA stand for?

Answer 23

ribonucleic acid

Question 24

What is translation?

Answer 24

Taking the mRNA and using it to make a protein

Question 25

Where are ribosomes?

Answer 25

Outside the nucleus

Question 26

How do genes leave the nucleus?

Answer 26

They are copied

Question 27

What does mRNA stand for?

Answer 27

Messenger RNA

Question 28

What are the characteristics of mRNA

Answer 28

-Smaller than DNA
-Only a single strand (half the double helix)
-Contains uracil instead of thymine (T base)

Question 29

Which enzyme binds to the DNA, just before the gene starts?

Answer 29

RNA polymerase

Question 30

What happens just ahead of the RNA polymerase?

Answer 30

The 2 strands of DNA separate, exposing the bases

Question 31

What does the RNA polymerase do in the DNA?

Answer 31

It moves along the DNA strand, reading the bases one by one and using them to make a mRNA strand

Question 32

How does the RNA polymerase read the DNA?

Answer 32

C always joins to G
T always joins to A (instead of T, it’s U for mRNA)

Question 33

What happens just behind the RNA polymerase?

Answer 33

The DNA bases rejoin

Question 34

What happens when the gene is fully copied?

Answer 34

The RNA polymerase closes back up the DNA and detaches from the DNA

Question 35

What is the strand of DNA called that is used to make the mRNA (the one the RNA polymerase reads)

Answer 35

Template strand

Question 36

How many types of amino acid are there?

Answer 36

20

Question 37

How do amino acids get to the ribsome?

Answer 37

tRNA

Question 38

What is tRNA?

Answer 38

transfer RNA

Question 39

Where does tRNA keep the amino acid?

Answer 39

On top of it

Question 40

How does the tRNA know what to bind to?

Answer 40

Anti codons

Question 41

What are anti codons?

Answer 41

Complimentary to the codons on the mRNA, allowing the right amino acid to get coded

Question 42

When 2 amino acids are next to each other on the anti codons, what happens?

Answer 42

They join, eventually forming a chain.

Question 43

What happens when a tMRNA molecule has done its job?

Answer 43

It detaches, leaving the amino acid on the chain.

Question 44

What happens when the amino acid chain is complete?

Answer 44

The amino acid chain folds into a protein