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Biology > Catalysts and enzymes > Flashcards

Catalysts and enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is another name for enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

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2
Q

What are catalysts?

A

Chemicals that speed up a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction

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3
Q

What do enzymes interact with?

A

Substrates

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4
Q

What are substrates?

A

Reactants

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5
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

Large protein molecules

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6
Q

How are enzymes made?

A

Long chains of amino acids are folded to produce a molecule with a specifically shaped active site (so it can bind to a specific substrate molecule)

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7
Q

What is the theory called that explains how enzymes work?

A

The lock and key theory

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8
Q

What can enzymes do to substrates?

A
  • Break up large molecules
  • Combine small molecules
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9
Q

What part of the ‘lock and key model’ is the enzyme?

A

Lock

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10
Q

What part of the ‘lock and key model’ is the substrate?

A

Key

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11
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all reactions in a cell or organism

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12
Q

What do enzymes change and not change?

A
  • Change: Metabolism
  • Not change: The reaction itself
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13
Q

What small molecules are combined by enzymes?

A
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Fatty acids
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14
Q

What molecules are built from glucose?

A
  • Starch
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
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15
Q

What molecules are built from fatty acids?

A

Lipids

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16
Q

What molecules are built from amino acids?

A

Proteins

17
Q

What are some molecules made by plant enzymes? (reactants and products)

A
  • Glucose (carbon dioxide + water)
  • Amino acids (nitrate ions + glucose)
18
Q

What molecules are changed into other molecules by enzymes? (reactants and products)

A
  • Glucose -> Fructose
  • One amino acid -> another amino acid
19
Q

What molecules are broken down by enzymes?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Glucose
  • Excess amino acids
20
Q

What do excess amino acids break down into?

A
  • Urea
  • Molecules used for respiration
21
Q

What is hydrogen peroxide? (and how does it interact with enzymes)

A
  • A poisonous byproduct of reactions in cells.
  • It breaks down naturally into water and oxygen, however enzymes speed up the process so that it breaks down without causing any damage.
22
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity?

A
  • Temperature
  • PH
23
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

A
  • Cold temperatures slow how fast the enzyme catalyzes reactions, but cold temperatures don’t denature the enzyme.
  • Hot temperatures make enzymes more efficient, until about 40°C (for most enzymes)
  • If enzymes get too hot (about 40°C+), they denature.
24
Q

What does denature mean?

A

When an enzyme stops working permanently

25
Q

What is the optimum temperature for most human enzymes?

A

37°C

26
Q

What enzymes can survive extreme temperatures?

A
  • Bacteria living in hot springs (80°C)
  • Bacteria living in the deep sea (0°C)
27
Q

What does the shape of enzyme come from?

A

Forces between different parts of the protein molecule that hold the folded chains in place.

28
Q

How does PH affect enzyme activity?

A

PH affects the forces that hold the different parts of the protein molecule together, which can change the shape of the molecule.

29
Q

Are enzymes living things?

A

No

30
Q

Why are enzymes ‘denatured’ and not ‘killed’

A

They were never alive

31
Q

What are the 3 types of digestive enzymes?

A
  • Protease
  • Lipase
  • Amylase
32
Q

What does protease do?

A

Break down proteins into amino acids

33
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

34
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Break down starch into sugars

35
Q

Where is protease produced?

A
  • Small intestine
  • Stomach
36
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A
  • Small intestine
  • Pancreas
37
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A
  • Small intestine
  • Mouth

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