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Year 1 CBGB > DNA Structure > Flashcards

DNA Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Polymers: Proteins
Nucleic Acid
Monomers?

A

Amino Acid

Nucleotide

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2
Q

3 components of DNA:

A

Sugar (5 C’s)
Bases (N-rich)
Phosphate

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3
Q

Linked with which bond?

A

Phosphodiester Bond

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4
Q

5’ means what?

A

5 Prime end of DNA

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5
Q

Name pyrimidines:

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

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6
Q

Name Purines

A

Adenine

Guanine

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7
Q

A forms which bond with T

A

Hydrogen bond

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8
Q

1000 base pairs =

1,000,000 base pairs =

A

Kilobase (kb)

Megabase (Mb)

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9
Q

All genetic material in a cell is called it’s

A

Genome

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10
Q 
Prokaryotic genomes (bacterial):
Genome with no nucleus in called...
Small circles of DNA called...
Diploid or haploid?
shape of chromosome
A

Nucleoid
Plasmids
Haploid
Typically circular

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11
Q

Eukaryotics genomes:

Diploid or haploid

A

Mostly Diploid

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12
Q

Position of constriction on chromosome is called

A

Centromere

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13
Q

End of chromosome called

A

Telomere

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14
Q

DNA functions (2)

A

DNA replication

Gene expression

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15
Q

Repliction of DNA happens when?

A

before cell division, in interphase

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16
Q

How many daughter cells produced in:
Mitosis
Meisois

A

2 (2n)

4 (n)

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17
Q

Semi-conservative means:

A

half old and half new

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18
Q

Which enzyme synthesises leading strand continuously

A

DNA polymerase

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19
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

synthesis short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA polymerase

20
Q

DNA polymerase digests ….. and replaces it with

A

RNA primer

DNA

21
Q

What does DNA ligase do?

A

joins together discontinuous fragments on lagging strand

22
Q

DNA polymerase can only work when

A

a nucleotide is present with a free reactive tail (3’)

23
Q

polymerisation means

A

joining together of nucleotides

24
Q

which direction does DNA polymerase polymerise?

A

5’ to 3’

25
Q

What is a gene?

A

Segment of DNA molecule nucleotide sequence producing a product

26
Q

2 key stages of gene expression:

A

Transciption

Translation

27
Q

Transcription=

Translation=

A

synthesis of an RNA copy of a gene

Synthesis of polypeptide by decoding genetic message within RNA copy

28
Q

Translation happens where in eukaryotic cell

A

cytoplasm

29
Q

Translation cant start until what is made

A

mRNA

30
Q

Transfer RNA size and function

A

Small, transports amino acids to site of protein synthesis

31
Q

Ribosomal RNA size and function

A

variable, combines with proteins to form ribosomes

32
Q

Messenger RNA size and function

A

Variable, directs amino acid sequence of proteins

33
Q

Promoters are where sites of what

A

where transcription starts, DNA sequences that bind RNA polymerase, each gene has own promoter

34
Q

What hapens at terminator site?

A

where transcription stops, RNA polymerase leaves DNA

35
Q

Non-coding DNA is called

A

Introns

36
Q

Coding DNA is called

A

exons

37
Q

RNA processing 3 steps:

A

Splicing
Capping
Tailing

38
Q

RNA processing step order and meaning of each step:

A

Splicing- introns removed, exons spliced together
capping- cap structure added to 5’ end
Tailing- String of A bases added 3’ end

39
Q

Ribosome:

A

protein-making gactory that reads mRNA message and carries out the messages instructions, made up of rRNA & ribosomal proteins

40
Q

The genetic code:

A

Message carried by mRNA

41
Q

tRNA function:

A

Carrier molecules of amino acids to ribosome

42
Q

tRNA structure:

A

Single strand of RNA
secondary structure is cloverleaf structure
consists of base paired ‘stems’ & unpaired ‘loops’
At 3’ end is attatchment point for amino acid
3 bases (anticodon) base pair with mRNA (codon)

43
Q

3 stages of translation:

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

44
Q

Stages of initiation (1st stage of translation)

A

Ribosome recognises & attaches to mRna,
Ribosome translocates along mRNA looking for start codon,
initiator tRNA carries methionine and binds at P site, anitcodon arms match up with complementary sequence on codon of mRNA,
Another tRNA enters at A site and peptide bond formed between 2 bound tRNA amino acids.

45
Q

Elongation (2nd stage of translation)

A

ribosome translocates along one codon along mRNA
uncharged tRNA leaves rivosome via exit E
ribosomes receive charged tRNA dictated by each codon
ribosome continues to translocate along mRNA 5’ to 3’

46
Q

Termination (3rd stage of translation)

A

Ribosome continues along mRNA till stop codon
no tRNA enters stop site
Release factor proteins enters instead resulting in translation termination
translation complex dissociates
polypeptid is released and folded to become mature protein.

Year 1 CBGB (20 decks)

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