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Genetics And Evolution > DNA Structure > Flashcards

DNA Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the chromosomes theory of inheritance?

A

describes the transmission of chromosomes and how chromosomes carry and transmit genetic determinants of traits

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2
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A
  • DNA, RNA and protein
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3
Q

Experiments that demonstrated DNA as the genetic material:

A

i. Griffith: Avirulent to virulent bacteria.
ii. Avery, MacLeod & McCarthy: isolting different components of the cell.
iii. Hershey & Chase: Bacteriophage

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4
Q

What is the transforming principle?

A

DNA is the transforming principle.

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5
Q

What is transformation(Griffith)?

A

When a normal cell is transformed into a malignant cell.

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6
Q

What is a genetic material?

A

A genetic material is something that contains information needed to make an organism (information storage)which is then replicated (replication, copied and transmitted (transmission) from parent to offspring and is able to account for variation (variation) of our phenotypic differences. That genetic material is DNA.

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7
Q

What do we mean when we say that DNA and RNA are acidic molecules?

A

That they release hydrogen ions in solutions and have a negative charge at neutral pH

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8
Q

What are the two types o sugars?

A

Deoxyribose and ribose

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9
Q

Two groups of bases:

A

Purine and Pymiridine

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10
Q

Five Bases:

A

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)

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11
Q

What are the purine bases?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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12
Q

What are the pyrimidine bases?

A

Thymine, Cytosin and Uracil

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13
Q

What are the common bases found in DNA and RNA?

A

Adenine, Guanine and Cytosine

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14
Q

Which base is different in both DNA and RNA?

A

Thymine- DNA
Uracil- RNA

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15
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

-The combinaton of ONLY base+ ONLY
a sugar.
A nucleoside is similar to a nucleotide however, they differ in structure because a nucleoside lacks a phosphate group while a nucleotide has a phosphate group.

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16
Q

What makes up a nucleotide:

A

A base, one or more phosphate groups and a sugar.

17
Q

Where are the base and phosphates attached to on the sugars?

A

-The base attaches to the 1’ carbon atom.
-The phosphates attach to the 5’ position.
-The 3’ carbon atoms position is important because it allows the nucleotides to form covalent links with each other. It attaches to the phosphate of the next nucleotide eventually forming a DNA strand

18
Q

What are nucelotides linked by?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

19
Q

How are two nucleotides linked together?

A

A phosphate connects the 5’ carbon position of one nucleotide to the 3’ carbon of another.

20
Q

What do the 5’ and 3’ strand end with?

A

5’ ends with a free phosphate and
3’ ends with a hydroxyl

21
Q

What forms the backbone of a nucleic strand?

A

The phosphate and sugar molecules

22
Q

What is the specific sequence of bases in DNA?

A

DNA: 5’ - Thymine-Adenine-Cytosine-Guanine-3’ (5’ - TACG - 3’)
(RNA is probably similar; just replace Thymine (T) with Uracil (U))

23
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A

The amount of A equals the amount of T and the amoung of G equals the amount of C.

24
Q

What are the key features in the molecular structure of DNA?

A
  1. Two strands of DNA form a double-helix structure.
  2. The bases in opposite strands ‘hydrogen bond’ following the AT/GC rule.
  3. The 2 strands are anti-parallel with regards to their 5’ to 3’ directionality.
  4. There are approximately 10 nucleotides in each turn.
25
Q

What holds the DNA bonds together?

A

Hydrogen bonding.

26
Q

Antiparallel arrangement:

A

Opposite orientation of two DNA strands

27
Q

What is base stacking?

A

The orientation in DNA in which the flat sides of the bases are facing each other. (It stabilizes the double helix by excluding water which is polar)

28
Q

What is the major and minor groove?

A

This is the indentation in the structure, outer surface, of DNA where bases make contact with water in the surroundings.

29
Q

Difference between B-DNA and Z-DNA?

A

B-DNA is a righthanded helic and the backbone is helical.
While,
Z-DNA is a left-handed helix and backbone appears to be zigzag.

30
Q

List a few different arangements of RNA:

A

Bulge loop, internal loop, multibranched junction, stem-loop

31
Q

What does a double stranded RNA form?

A

Double stranded RNA froms A helices

Genetics And Evolution (7 decks)

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