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IB Biology > DNA & RNA > Flashcards

DNA & RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of organic molecule are DNA & RNA?

A

Nucleic acids (polynucleotides)

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2
Q

Funciton of DNA?

A

To carry and pass on instrucitons for protein synthesis

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3
Q

What is a nucleotide made of?

A

Phosphate group, ribose sugar & organic/nitrogenous base

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4
Q

Types of organic bases with examples and how they bond

A

Purines (2 rings): Adenine, guanine
Pyrimidines (1 ring): Uracil, thymine, cytosine
Purines bond to pyrimidines (A-G 2 bonds, G-C 3 bonds)

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5
Q

Differences b/w DNA & RNA?

A

DNA: Double stranded, Thymine, Deoxyribose, in nucleus
RNA: Single strand, Uracil, Ribose, in cytoplasm/RER

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6
Q

Structure of DNA?

A

Anti-parallel double helix

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7
Q

What are non-bonded (free) nucleotides called?

A

Nucleosides (they have 3 phosphate groups)

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8
Q

Enzymes used in DNA replication (in order)

A

Helicase, RNA primase, DNA polymerase (III), DNA polymerase (I), Ligase

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9
Q

Functions of enzymes in DNA replication

A

Helicase: Unwinds DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds
RNA primase: Adds RNA primer for enzyme to lock on
DNA polymerase (III): Adds complementary bases
DNA polymerase (I): Replaces RNA primer with DNA
Ligase: Sticks Okazaki fragments together

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10
Q

Theories of replication + explanation

A

Conservative: One new double helix, original stays same
Semi-conservative: Double helices have new + old strand
Dispersive: All strands has new and old bits

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11
Q

What are strands of DNA called during replication?

A

Leading and lagging strand

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12
Q

Which direction does DNA polymerase (III) synthesize bases?

A

5’ —-> 3’

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13
Q

Types of RNA + explanation

A

mRNA: Carries protein synthesis info to ribosomes
tRNA: Forms polypeptide chains
rRNA: Makes up ribosomes

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14
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG (also codes for methianine)

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15
Q

Introns vs. Exons

A

Introns: Highly repetitive, do not code for anything, short
Exons: May be genes (code for proteins), unique, long

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16
Q

What is a gene?

A

A base sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

17
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

A section of DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins

18
Q

Function of histones?

A

To assist replication and wrap DNA to save space

19
Q

Phases of transcription

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

20
Q

What is an operon made of (parts + functions)?

A

Promoter: RNA polymerase locks on here
Gene: Is transcribed into mRNA
Terminator: RNA polymerase stops transcribing here

21
Q

Parts of the lac operon?

A

Regulator, Promoter, Operator, Lac Z Lac Y Lac A, Terminator

22
Q

Parts of a ribosome?

A 
Large & small subunits
A slot (Aminoacyl), P slot (Peptidyl), E slot (Exit)
23
Q

Where do replication, transcription and translation occur (+ function)

A

Replication: nucleus, makes copy of DNA before mitosis
Transcription: Creates mRNA to send info to ribosome
Translation: Creates polypeptide chain from ribosome

24
Q

Types of DNA + functions

A

Exons: Code for polypeptides
Introns: idk
Structural DNA: Joins to centromeres

25
Q

What are the sense and anti-sense strands

A

The anti-sense strand is transcribed by RNA polymerase.

The sense strand is complementary to the anti-sense strand, therefore RNA polymerase effectively copies it.

26
Q

Why do humans only have around 30000 genes

A

Genes can be modified after transcription and proteins can be modified after translation, so one DNA sequence can code for more than one protein

27
Q

Steps of a polymerase chain reaction

A

To unwind, heat DNA to 95C –> Cool to 40C and add primers –> Add DNA polymerase (III) at 72C –> Repeat 20 times

28
Q

Types of inhibitors + explanation

A

Competitive: Similar shape to substrate

Non-competitive: Binds to enzyme and changes active site shape

29
Q

Stages of translation + explanation?

A
  • Initiation: mRNA and tRNA bind to ribosome
  • Elongation: amino acids brought to ribosome in order
  • Trans-location: amino acids form polypeptide chain
  • Termination: Translation ends, pelypeptide released
30
Q

Structure of tRNA?

A
  • Held together by complementary base pairing
  • 3 loops (middle one is anticodon loop)
  • Amino acid attached to 3’ end at CCA
31
Q

Role of ATP in transcription?

A

Binds to tRNA, then phosphate used to form ester bond b/w amino acid and tRNA

32
Q

How are peptide bonds formed and broken?

A

Formed by dehydration synthesis

Broken by hydrolysis

IB Biology (6 decks)

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