Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IB Biology > 1 - Cells > Flashcards

1 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

<p>Characteristics of living things</p>

A

<p>Metabolism, Response, Nutrition, Growth, Reproduction, Homeostasis</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

<p>Cell theory states that</p>

A

<p>1) All living things are made of cells

2) Cells are the most basic units of life
3) All cells come from pre-existing cells</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

<p>Exceptions to cell theory</p>

A

<p>-RBCs

- Bone and muscle cells
- Xylem and skin surface
- Phloem</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

<p>Compound/Light microscope</p>

A

<p>x1500, resolution 200+nm, uses light, 2D image in colour, </p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

<p>TEM</p>

A

<p>Uses electrons, 2D image, x500000, 1 nm resolution, vacuum</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

<p>SEM</p>

A

<p>Uses electrons, vacuum, x200000, 2-10 nm resolution, 3D image</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

<p>Characteristics of prokartyotes</p>

A

<p>70S ribosomes, Capsule outside cell wall, loops in plasma membrane for anaerobic respiration, no nucleus, DNA in chromatin, Circular DNA as plasmid, no membrane bound organelles</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

<p>Which organelles are not present in animal cells</p>

A

<p>Plasmodesmata, chloroplast, cell wall</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

<p>Components of cell membrane</p>

A

<p>Phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

<p>Cell membrane is also known as</p>

A

<p>Fluid mosaic model/plasma membrane</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

<p>Examples of substance going in and out of the cell membrane</p>

A

<p>In: Nutrients (oxygen, glucose)

| Out: Nitrogenous wastes, carbon dioxide</p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

<p>Structure of phospholipids (draw if possible)</p>

A

<p>Phosphate group head, two fatty acid chain tails, all attached to a glycerol.</p>

<p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Polarity of phospholipids?

A

Head is polar, therefore attracted to other polar molecules and hydrophilic. Tail is non-polar and thus hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Functions of membranes in eukaryotes?

A
  • Provide surface for reactions and organelles
  • Allow compartmentalisation
  • Increase surface area
  • Hormone receptors
  • Allows transmission/reception of messages
  • Isolate harmful substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 types of proteins in plasma membrane?

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Width of cell membrane?

A

7-10 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Functions of cholesterol?

A
  • Maintaining rigidity/fluidity of membrane
  • Waterproofing
  • Prevention of leakage of ions
  • Prevents membrane from disintegration
18
Q

Which factors affect fluidity of cell membrane?

A
  • Cholesterol
  • Temperature
  • Nature of phospholipids (saturated or not)
  • pH
19
Q

Functions of extrinsic proteins

A
  • Cell adhesion
  • Cell signalling
  • Cell recognition
20
Q

Types of transport through membranes

A
  • Passive (simple and facilitated diffusion)
  • Active (with ATP)
  • Osmosis
  • Bulk transport
21
Q

Characteristics of passive transport

A

Down conc. gradient, may use channel proteins, no energy required

22
Q

Characteristics of active transport

A

Against conc. gradient, requires energy (ATP), involves carrier and pump proteins

23
Q

Limiting factors of diffusion

A
  • Temperature
  • Nature of particles
  • Concentration gradient
  • Distance to diffuse
  • Surface area
24
Q

What does Fick’s Law state?

A

(SA x conc. gradient) / distance to diffuse

25
Q

Types of endicytosis

A
  • Phagocytosis (cell eating)

- Pinocytosis (cell drinking)

26
Q

How are solute potential and water potential related?

A

They are inversely proportional

27
Q

3 types of solutions?

A
  • Isotonic: Water potential is equal
  • Hypotonic: Outside of cell has more water potential
  • Hypertonic: Inside of cell has more water potential
28
Q

Magnification formula?

A

Image size / Actual size

29
Q

Which molecules are non-polar?

A

Lipids

30
Q

4 stages of mitosis

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
31
Q

Stages of cell cycle

A
  • G1: Growth
  • S: DNA Replication
  • G2: More growth
  • Mitosis: Karyokinesis
  • Cytokenesis
32
Q

What occurs in Prophase?

A
  • Nucleolus degrades
  • Chromosomes condense (supercoiling)
  • Mitotic spindle forms
  • Centriole duplicates
  • Nuclear envelope degrades
33
Q

What occurs during Metapahse?

A
  • Chromosomes align in a line

- Spindle fibres attach to centromeres at kinetochores

34
Q

What occurs during Anaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes pulled towards poles of cell by centrioles

- Microtubules attached to cells get shorter and contract

35
Q

What occurs during Telopahse?

A
  • Mitotic spindle broken down
  • Two nuclei form
  • Chromosomes decondense and form chromatin
36
Q

Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells?

A
  • Animal: Cleavage furrow forms and cells split in two

- Plant: Cell plate forms in middle of cell

37
Q

What 4 factors are needed for spontaneous synthesis of cells?

A
  • Non-living synthesis of organic molecules
  • Assembly of organic molecules into polymers
  • Origin of self-replicating molecule with inheritance
  • Packaging of these molecules into membranes
38
Q

How was it found that organic molecules could be synthesized in ancient Earth?

A

Urey-Miller Experiment: Simulated ancient Earth environment and lightning. Organic molecules (amino acids) were created.

39
Q

3 places cells may have originally existed?

A
  • Hydrothemal vents
  • Volcanoes
  • Space (Panspermia theory)
40
Q

Comet theory for origin of cells?

A

Comets have organic molecules on them. They may have originally carried them to Earth, as there were many comets millions of years ago. The impact could have polymerized the amino acids present.

41
Q

Properties of water?

A
  • Universal solvent
  • High specific heat capacity
  • Polar
  • Less dense when solid
  • Cohesive and adhesive

IB Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions